Decisive Battles of the American Civil War: Vol. 3 manual

DECISIVE BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR
Strategic Studies Group (SSG)
TUTORIAL (VOL III)

LEARNING TO PLAY THE GAME
After the fall of Atlanta, Confederate General John Bell
Hood obtained permission to march his army into Tennessee
and harass the Union forces and Sherman's supply lines. He
chased Union General John M. Schofield north across the
State as Schofield tried desperately to link up with the
main force under Thomas at Nashville.
At Franklin, Schofield found the bridge across the Harpeth
River was down so he was obliged to dig in while he repaired
it. Hood arrived before he could complete the bridge and
attempted an immediate assault to try and take Schofield's
force before it escaped.
John Schofield was in a stronger position than he realised,
however, and his men managed to withstand Hood's fury,
despite some initial penetration of their lines.
You are invited, in this tutorial, to take on the role of
John B. Hood. You will command the Army of Tennessee and see
if you can do better than this aggressive Confederate
leader. Your computer will command the Union Forces.
As well as this manual, you'll need to have the data card in
front of you.

(a). Starting Up
Start up your computer using the procedure given on the
start side of the menu card. Menu A (Start Up Menu) appears
to the right of the title page. As is the case with every
menu in the game, you use the arrow keys to locate your
choice from the menu and then type (RET) to select it. IBM
users may alternatively use a function key to locate and
select a menu item. The line in Menu A is the third
line in the menu; therefore f3 will select it. Similarly, f4
will select the line.
If you select the wrong menu, don't worry. Apple II and IBM
users type (ESC) to go back to the previous menu; C-64/128
users type (f1). IBM and Apple II users should note that the
(DEL) key will serve as the (ESC) key in most situations.
IBM users can turn the sound on/off through Menu 12 of the
Game Routines. Apple II and C-64 users should type Cntl (S)
to turn on/off the sound. Apple II and C-64 users with a B&W
monitor should type Cntl (B).

(b). Selecting the Franklin Scenario
Before we can start play, we have to select the Franklin
scenario, tell the computer that we will control the South
forces and decide which game options we wish to use.
Use either arrow key to locate the line and type
(RET) to go to Menu B (Location Select). At this point, IBM
owners using 5.25" floppy disks should remove Disk One from
the drive and replace it with Disk Two. Apple II owners with
one disk drive should remove the game disk, turn it over and
put it back in the drive.
Use an arrow key to locate the line and type
(RET) to go to Menu C (Scenario Menu).
Use an arrow key to locate the line and type
(RET) to go to Menu E (Edit Utility). The scenario briefing
screen is displayed to the left of the menu window. IBM
users must select the line and then position the
cursor over the line and type (RET).
Use an arrow key to locate the line and type (RET) to
go to Menu N (Game Options). There are two (IBM) or three
(Apple II and C-64) options available when you play the
game.
(i). Exposed. When the exposed flag is set, all units on the
map will be visible at all times. If the exposed flag is not
set, only currently sighted units will be visible on the
battlefield.
(ii). Enhanced (Apple II and C-64 Only). When the enhanced
flag is set, computer controlled forces will be given
certain bonuses. For example, unit size, leadership and
staff ratings may be increased.
(iii). Radio. When the radio flag is set, you will have
automatic communications with every unit in your command. If
the radio flag is not set, only those units directly
attached to the army HQ and within communications range can
be given orders.
For tutorial purposes, we will choose to set the exposed and
radio flags but leave the enhanced flag alone. Position the
cursor on the line and type (RET). The cursor will
return automatically to the line. Select
in the same way. Select to go to Menu F (Handicap
Utility). An Options in Effect box has appeared below the
menu window showing that the exposed and radio flags have
been set.
Since this is only a tutorial, we will give ourselves a
break. The handicaps below the line benefit the
South, those above benefit the North. The effect of a
handicap is to modify the victory point awards, it does not
affect the artificial intelligence nor the composition of
the forces. Note that the handicap structure for IBM users
asks you to select a veteran, normal or novice opponent.
Select a novice. AII/C64 users select the south
line.
You have been processed through to Menu G (Player Select).
Locate the line and type (RET). The cursor has been
thrown into the briefing screen and you have the opportunity
to change the commanders' names. Do this if you wish,
otherwise type (RET) until you get back to Menu E (Edit
Utility).
Have a last look at the briefing screen and you'll see the
South has a major handicap advantage (IBM users will be
opposed by a novice computer general), the North forces will
be run by the computer and the exposed and radio flags are
set.
At this time, if you wish, you can observe the computer
playing against itself. This will give you an idea of the
flow of the game and how the combat and movement mechanics
work. Use the line of Menu E to return to Menu G
(Player Select) and select .
Use an arrow key to locate the line and type (RET)
to go to Menu H (Game Master).
That's the preliminaries over with. We're just about ready
to play.
Turn your menu card over to the game side.

(c). The First Turn
This tutorial is a brief introduction as to how the game
plays. It is not intended to be a description of everything
that can happen. The Game Manual describes in detail the
full use of each menu. Once you have some experience with
the game menus, we recommend you read Chapter 5 in the Game
Manual for an explanation of the major game systems
controlled by the computer.
Back to Menu H. A current turn briefing appears above the
menu window. The date is 30th November 1864, it is 11 am and
this is the first of the eleven turns in the game. Below the
menu window you can see it is daylight and the weather is
clear.
The map shows two Union units towards the top of the screen
and a single Confederate unit at the bottom. Don't panic!
More units are on their way.
The and lines in the menu have been
overprinted with a solid bar to show that you cannot access
them. The solid bar will disappear from the line
after the line has been accessed. This is to guard
against accidentally selecting before issuing your
orders. The line will always be overprinted during
the game. The computer does not want you to see what it is
doing!
Locate the line and type (RET). This brings up Menu
2 (Operations Master). Your choices here are ,
, , or , and
(IBM Only).
On the first turn only, the , and
lines are overprinted. This is because General Hood,
the figure you represent, does not arrive on the field until
the third turn.
The map has not changed, just the information above and
below the menu window. Above the menu window you can see the
army I.D. Below the menu window you are given a casualty and
victory point summary. The VPs show what your score would be
if the game was to end at this moment.
The , and lines are the menus
you use to give orders to your forces, the line
ends the game immediately and the line allows you
to review your forces, enemy forces, the battlefield and
objectives. The line displays your complete Order
of Battle.

(d). Reviewing Your Forces
Before issuing orders we'll examine the battlefield, the
objectives and the enemy forces.
Select the line to go to Menu 3. The screen has
centred on a hollow, flashing cursor. Use the arrow keys,
the I, J, K and M or the 1-6 keys to move the cursor over
the map. The map will scroll once the cursor reaches the
edge. Type (0) to centre the screen on the cursor.
At the very bottom of the information panel, you will see a
three-part icon display. From left to right this shows you
the type of terrain in the hex, which sections of the map
are in use for this scenario together with the relative
position of the cursor and which side currently controls the
hex. The name of the terrain type appears immediately above
the display.
Move the cursor to Moselys Hill. It is in the northern half
of the map. IBM owners can use the f1 - f9 keys to scroll
the map in large increments. Moselys Hill is an objective.
Its name appears above the terrain type name and its victory
point details are described.
Move the cursor to any one of the Union brigades in the
northern half of the battlefield. The icons at the top of
the information panel tell you it is an infantry brigade
while below that you are told its formation and condition.
Note that one of the units is Schofield's HQ.
Type (RET) to bring up the map display menu. Select ;
all roads are removed from the map. Type (RET) to bring up
the menu again then select to replace the road
network.
allows you to see which side controls a particular
hex. removes all units on the map so you can see the
terrain underneath.
Objectives can be selected either by using the arrow keys to
cycle through them or entering the objective name.
Friendly units can be located by entering their name.
Move the cursor to the Confederate cavalry brigade at the
bottom of the map. This is Biffle's cavalry brigade from
Chalmers' division. The information provided is mostly self
explanatory; more details are available in Chapter 5 of the
Game Manual.
We can't actually give any orders yet until our HQ arrives.
Go back to Menu H and select to end the first turn.
Turn 2 you will find is much the same as turn 1. Your enemy
is organising his forces while all you can do is check
things out with your cavalry. Life is like this sometimes!
After making any investigations you wish using the function, go back to Menu H and select again.

(e). Subsequent Operations
By now your forces should be flooding on. Most importantly,
Hood himself (you!) should have arrived.
Go back to menu 2. The line is the place where
you must decide where to put your army HQ and how personally
involved you want to get in the battle. Select.
Below you menu window you will see that your current
condition is OK. In the battle you can get captured, wounded
or even killed!
Select and you will be presented with the four
profiles you may choose from. You may change your profile
each turn. Your profile will not change from turn to turn
unless you enter this menu and change it. You always begin
with the default value set to . The words here
mean pretty much what they say. Heroic will inspire all
troops within four hexes of your position while increasing
the likelihood of a nasty accident. Cautious will keep you
safe and sound but the effect on your men may prove
disastrous. For this tutorial, we suggest you keep your
profile on .
Select . This is the mechanism by which you move
your HQ around the map. tells the army HQ to remain
exactly where it is. gives you access to the cursor
so that you can use the I,J,K,M keys, the arrow keys or the
1-6 keys to move your HQ to the location of your choice.
Note that you will not be allowed to select an enemy
controlled hex as your destination.
directs the army HQ to move as quickly as possible
to a friendly corps HQ for the purpose of placing it under
direct command. Because the radio flag is set, Corps HQs do
not appear and this line will be overprinted.
allows you to chose an objective as the
destination for the army HQ, using either the arrow keys or
the name routine.
For the moment, leave your HQ where it is.
Now that the personal matters have been taken care of, it's
time to give orders to your subordinates. Type (ESC/f1)
until you get back to Menu 2 and then select . The
line gives you access to all your corps and
division commanders presently on the battlefield. Note that
because the radio flag is set, Corps headquarters are not
present. Only division headquarters appear under the
line.
Because the radio flag is set, you will be able to give
orders to all your division commanders each turn. A list of
your commanders appears in the menu window. The commander in
the centre of the window is highlighted and information on
his command appears above and below the window. All three
have commands with two objectives. Don't change
the commands this turn.
Go back to Menu 2 and select the line. You are now
able to issue orders to all of your brigades. Again, if the
radio flag were not set, the number of brigades you would
have access to would be severely restricted. Each brigade is
identified in a small window in the centre of the
information display. Use the arrow keys to cycle through the
brigades so far on the battlefield.
If either of the cavalry brigades are in contact with the
enemy it would be better to withdraw them. Locate Biffle's
brigade and hit (RET) to bring up the brigade order menu.
Select . We don't want to waste our troopers at
this stage of the battle.
Go back to menu H and select . Battle reports are
presented one after another and you should tap the
bar to move on to the next report. A full explanation of the
combat mechanics is given in Chapter 5. Basically, firing
units are shown as arrows pointing in the direction of the
target unit.
Once the battles are over, the computer will begin moving
troops. If the exposed flag had not been set, only those
units visible to each other would have been seen.

(f). What To Do Next
Read the scenario notes for this battle given later in this
booklet. You have more men than Schofield but must attack a
very tough position. This short scenario will give you an
ideal opportunity to practice the attack co-ordination vital
to successful operations against fortifications. Experiment
with the command and order menus. If you're uncertain about
what to do, accept the computer's advice and do not change
the order. Refer to Chapters 4 and 5 when necessary.

DECISIVE BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR
Strategic Studies Group (SSG)
GAME MANUAL

1. THE DECISIVE BATTLES GAME SYSTEM
Decisive Battles of the American Civil War (Vol I) recreates
six important battles from the first years of the War
between the States. The American Civil War lasted four years
and its one million casualties reflect the determination and
ferocity with which it was fought. Hopelessly outnumbered in
terms of manpower and materiel, the thirteen confederated
southern states kept their secession hopes alive by dint of
commitment, superior leadership and a fair amount of luck.
The American armies which took the field in 1861 were little
more than untrained militia, led for the most part by
inexperienced officers and clumsily trying to copy the
military systems of the major European powers.
Four years later these same armies were a match for any
European contemporary. They had evolved new tactics to
accommodate the vastly increased effect of musketry on the
battlefield. The use of trench warfare so characteristic of
the Great War some 50 years later was pioneered by American
armies. Railways were used to expedite the flow of supplies
and reinforcements to contested areas so that for the first
time in the history of warfare, armies could stay in the
field almost all year round.
In the end, of course, the Union triumphed. Robert E. Lee's
surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in April of 1865 marked
the effective end of the Confederacy. The Decisive Battles
Game System has been specifically designed to recreate the
battles of this era. Volumes II and III cover battles from
the middle and latter years respectively.
To get started with the game, we recommend that you follow
this sequence.
(i). Read the specific information for your computer type in
the scenario booklet for details on installation and start-
up.
(ii). Play through the introductory tutorial described in
the scenario booklet.
(iii). Select any scenario and start playing, referring to
this manual as necessary. You should read the Player's Notes
for a particular scenario before playing it for the first
time as they contain useful background information.
This manual contains two major sections. Part One, The Game
Routines explains the operation of the game system and
contains all that you need to know to play a game. Part Two,
WarPlan� explains the use of the scenario design routines,
including WarPaint�, SSG's icon and terrain editor. While
you do not need to read this section to play the game, it
will provide some insights into the deeper workings of the
game system. In addition, we would encourage everyone to
find out just how easy it is to modify existing scenarios or
create original work.

2. THE TYPES OF GAME MENUS
The order menus which drive the game can be divided into
four types.
(a) Branch Menus - These menus signpost the route to other
menus [2,4,7,9]. Note that most of them also provide some
information.
(b) Information Menus - These menus provide specific
information on the various forces and functions in the game
[3].
(c) Action Menus - These menus are the centre of the game
system. All of the orders used in the game are given through
them [5,6,8,10,11,12].
(d) Single Function Menus - [1].

3. THE GAME MENUS DESCRIBED
Menu H (Game Master)
This screen always appears at the beginning of each turn. It
is common to both players. It is the first screen you will
see after completing the scenario selection details and
choosing .
In the four lines of text above the menu window, you are
told the date, the time of day, the current turn number and
the total number of turns in the game.
Below the menu window you are told whether it is daylight,
dawn, dusk or night and the weather condition.

Menu 1 (Save Game Utility)
This is a single function menu which allows you to load or
save a game, change the DOS path to the current disk or
directory or load an 'auto saved game' if present.
To save a game, locate the line with the arrow
keys and type (RET). A large catalog window displays a list
of current save game files. Use an arrow key to move the
cursor bar to the location in which you wish to save the
game. If that location contains an existing file, then the
current game will be saved over that file. Empty slots are
marked 'free'. When you have chosen a location, type (RET).
The menu window now displays the and
lines. Choosing allows you to edit both the name
of the game and a three line synopsis. When you are ready,
locate the line and type (RET).
To load a game, choose . Use the arrow keys to move
the cursor bar to the desired game location and type (RET).
The chosen game will be loaded.
The command allows you to change the current disk or
directory for loading and/or saving games. The default is
the directory from which the game was run. When typing disk
identifiers, please type a colon (:) after the drive letter
(e. g. B:). The path is limited to 26 characters.
Save game disks must be formatted by DOS before use.
The command will load an auto saved game if one
is present.

Menu 2 (Operations Master)
This is a branch menu. The information appearing above the
menu window identifies the commander of the Army, his second
in command if present and the name of the Army. The icon
representing the Army HQ appears to the left of the
commander's name. The information below the menu window
tells you how many victory points your side has accumulated
to date, a leader and troop casualty summary and whether you
have more victory points than your opponent at this point in
the game. IBM users are given an indication of their
performance to date in the lower right of the screen. The
game is considered contested if there is less than a 20%
difference between each side's VP total. Otherwise you will
be told you are winning or losing.
The menu window is divided into two sections. These are
Operations and Reports.
The function allows IBM users access to a detailed
breakdown of their forces. Every HQ and brigade is listed,
along with their strengths, artillery complements and
current condition. Destroyed and reinforcing brigades are
included. Use the arrow, home, end, or Pg Up/Down keys to
locate individual units or to page through the report. Hit
(RET) to select the unit high-lighted by the menu bar. The
game map appears with the cursor identifying the chosen
unit. Note that brigades have a 9-character I.D. in the IBM
version.
We recommend that you examine the menu before
issuing instructions, especially while you're learning the
game.
Note that this same function is available in
several menus to make information easier to access.
If you select , IBM users will be given access to
five optional features. Menu 12 will give you all the
details. Apple II/C-64 users have the line
replaced with . The option is for use when,
for whatever reason, you wish to end the game. The game will
stop and the end of game screen will be printed. You will be
prompted to avoid accidental resignations.

Menu 3 (Map Walk)
This is an information menu. On selecting from
Menu 2, 8, 10 or 11, the cursor is thrown into the map. Use
the I,J,K,M keys, the arrow keys or the 1-6 keys to march
the cursor across the map which will scroll once the cursor
reaches the edge. Type (0) to centre the screen on the
cursor.
At any time you may type (RET) to bring up the menu window.
You may examine the ownership of hexes, examine the terrain
by temporarily clearing units from the map or examine the
terrain masked by the road network.
You may move the cursor from objective to objective either
by naming the objective you wish to go to or using the arrow
keys to cycle through them.
You may also move the cursor from unit to unit by naming the
unit you wish to go to. The term unit describes any combat
formation, either brigade or HQ.
Use the arrow keys to select the piece of information you
wish to examine and then type (RET). To terminate a display,
type (RET) to replace the cursor in the menu window, use the
arrow keys to select the display you wish to turn off and
type (RET) again to complete the process.
More than one display may be examined at the same time. Be
warned, however, that in some cases the information from one
display will overprint another. Once you have finished, type
(ESC/f1) to return to Menu 2. All displays will be turned
off.
You can (and should) use this menu to get information on
enemy units. It is also useful for examining terrain,
especially in active portions of the map, and as a source of
information on the condition of friendly units. The
information appearing to right of the map describes the
contents of the hex identified by the cursor. What
information you see depends upon what is in the hex.
The majority of hexes will be empty, nor will an objective
be present. For these hexes, you will be told the movement
point cost for entering the hex, how much natural cover or
protection the hex will offer to an occupant and the
expected visibility or sighting into or through the hex.
Below this information, the terrain type is named and below
this name is a three-part iconic display. In the left-hand
compartment you are shown the terrain icon for the hex. In
the centre compartment you are shown a schematic summary of
the location of the cursor in relation to the whole
battlefield. In the right-hand compartment the nationality
icon of the side controlling the hex is displayed.
If an active objective is present in the hex, the middle
part of the report will display its details. You are told
for which turns the objective is active, how many turns you
have held the objective to date and the number of VPs
awarded for its control, both on a per turn basis and at end
of game. The name of the objective appears above the terrain
type name.
If an enemy unit is present in the hex, the top part of the
report will display its details. You are shown an iconic
representation of the enemy unit. Underneath this you are
told whether the unit is in line or column and whether it
appears steady or shaken. A unit is shaken when its current
cohesion value is 3 or less, unless it occupies a
fortification.
As you can see by moving the cursor around the maps, all of
these displays are separate from each other. However, when a
friendly unit occupies a hex, all information on the
display except for the terrain name and the three-part
iconic display are replaced with data on the friendly unit.
A brigade report contains the following information. A boxed
display identifies the brigade, its type and its current
order. At the top of the screen you are shown the HQ icon of
the formation to which the brigade is attached. The name of
this HQ, its current order and the objective, if any, it has
been directed to are also displayed. Where two objectives
are shown, you should read this as the second objective
being the real one. The first objective simply defines the
line of march.
There are four separate icons directly above the brigade ID.
They provide a simple summary of the status of the brigade.
From left to right the icons display the brigade type icon,
whether the brigade is shattered or occupies a battlefield
entrenchment or fortification, whether the brigade is within
the communication range of its superior HQ and finally
whether an order has been issued to the brigade for this
turn.
Below the brigade ID are details of the brigade's current
effective strength (rounded off to the nearest 100 men), the
number of guns attached to the brigade, the current cohesion
level and the experience and leadership ratings of the
brigade.
In Summary
A summary of the effects of the menu appear
below.
Control. All terrain icons are replaced with the Union or
Confederate control icon. Hexes containing units do not
display a control icon; in every case a hex occupied by a
unit will be controlled by that unit. It is difficult to
overstate how important hex control is in the play of the
game. Units in friendly territory are not usually visible to
the opposing player.
Roads. The road network is temporarily removed to reveal the
hex types underneath.
Clear. All units are temporarily removed from the map to
reveal the hex types underneath.
Name Objective. A cursor appears above the menu window. Type
in the name of the objective you wish to examine. Once the
computer has enough letters to distinguish it from other
objectives, the screen and cursor will centre on that
objective.
Cycle Objective. The cursor appears on the nearest objective
and from there the arrow keys are used to cycle the cursor
from one objective to the next.
Name Unit. A cursor appears above the menu window. Type in
the name of the unit you wish to examine. Once the computer
has enough letters to distinguish it from other units, the
screen and cursor will centre on that unit.

Menu 4 (Army Master)
This is a branch menu. The screen has centred on your
present location; i.e. your Army HQ. If the Army HQ has not
yet arrived on the battlefield, the screen will centre on
its scheduled arrival hex. The Army ID is repeated above the
menu window while the personal status of the Army commander
and his second in command is given below the window. The
army leaders can be OK, wounded, captured or killed.
You use this menu to choose the location you wish to send
your Army HQ to and to select the personal profile you wish
to adopt for the next hour of the battle.

Menu 5 (Move Army HQ)
This is an action menu. There are four mechanisms by which
you can move your Army HQ.
Position the cursor over the line and type
(RET). You will be allowed to name the objective you wish to
move your Army HQ to or use the arrow keys to cycle through
the available objectives until you locate the one of your
choice. Only objectives currently under friendly control may
be selected.
Position the cursor over the line and type (RET).
The pinwheel appears in the menu window and you may select a
Corps HQ from it. The Army HQ will move to the Corps HQ.
This line will be overprinted with a solid bar if there are
no corps under your command.
While an Army HQ occupies a hex adjacent to the Corps HQ and
its last move order was to that Corps HQ, it assumes direct
command of the formations subordinate to the Corps HQ as
though they were its own.
If none of the above mechanisms will allow you move your
Army HQ to its desired location, position the cursor over
the line and type (RET). You will be given control
over the cursor appearing on your current Army HQ location.
Use the arrow keys, the 1-6 keys or the I,J,K,M keys to move
the cursor to the chosen location and then type (RET). Only
hexes under friendly control may be selected. Your Army HQ
has now been ordered to that location.
If you wish to cancel an Army HQ move or to halt HQ
movement, select .
Once ordered to move, an Army HQ will take the quickest
route to its chosen destination and become stationary once
it reaches that location. Remember that the staff
effectiveness rating of your Army HQ will be slightly
reduced while it is moving. A careful commander will do his
best to keep HQ movement to a minimum.
An Army HQ may directly supersede the orders of any friendly
brigade within four hexes of its location as explained in
subsequent menu descriptions. Similarly, your Army HQ staff
rating is temporarily reduced when enemy brigades are within
five hexes of the HQ's location. You should keep these two
points in mind when positioning your Army HQ.

Menu 6 (Personal Profile)
This is an action menu. Basically, you must choose the level
of personal danger you wish to expose yourself to for the
next hour. There are pros and cons for each choice. Your
choice will remain active until you change it in a
subsequent hour or conditions make it ineligible. The
default profile is sensible.
Heroic. You will only be allowed to choose this profile if
there is a targeted friendly brigade within four hexes. You
and a small escort are considered to have moved into the
front line to personally direct the battle.
For the hour immediately following your decision to be
heroic, there will be a temporary reduction in your Army HQ
staff value. As compensation, all targeted brigades within
three hexes of your Army HQ will receive a combat bonus.
Leading by example may be the only way to prevent a
disaster. However, the cost of courage is not cheap. You
will be exposed to enemy fire and bayonet point. You run the
risk of being wounded, incapacitated or even killed.
Furthermore, the rest of your Army will be virtually
leaderless until you return to your Army HQ. You will not be
allowed to select a heroic profile after the Army commander
has suffered either a killed, wounded or captured combat
result.
To put this profile in perspective, you should find that in
most of your battles you never have to select it!
Bold. You will only be allowed to choose this profile if
there is a targeted friendly brigade within four hexes. In
this case, you remain at your HQ and have chosen to maintain
a high profile for the purpose of stiffening your men.
A small combat bonus is conferred on targeted friendly
brigades within four hexes at a cost of some danger to
yourself and a slightly reduced staff efficiency
This profile should be selected when all is going well (i.e.
you have no need to send off new orders to your
subordinates) and you wish to get your men off to a good
start.
Sensible. You have chosen to expose yourself to the normal
level of danger present on the nineteenth century
battlefield. This is roughly equivalent to a 2% chance of
being killed or wounded in a normal day's fighting. All
brigades within command radius of your Army HQ may be
stiffened by your presence or they may ignore you. In any
case, your staff effectiveness rating will not be affected.
Cautious. The difference between a cautious profile and a
sensible profile is small. By selecting a cautious profile
you are reducing the risk of personal danger to zero. You
also give up all chance of inspiring your men. There is no
change to your staff effectiveness rating. You should not
confuse cautious with cowardly; I'm sure there are no
Schimmelpfennigs (a luckless Union General found hiding in a
pig-sty after the Battle of Gettysburg) playing this game.
Which of the two latter profiles you choose will depend on
the local situation. It really boils down to how lucky you
feel.

Menu 7 (HQ Select)
This is a single function menu. The pinwheel appears in the
menu window and you may use the arrow keys to select any of
the Corps or Division HQs directly subordinate to your Army
HQ. Note that Division HQs subordinate to Corps HQs do not
appear in the pinwheel unless your Army HQ is temporarily
directing the Corps HQ as explained in Menu 5. Brigades
never appear in the pinwheel. If the radio flag is on then
Corps headquarters are not used in the game. The pinwheel
bar identifies the HQ which is centred on the screen. The
information available for each subordinate HQ is as follows.
The top two lines of the screen show the ID of the HQ and
its current command, either offensive, defensive or reserve.
A HQ with an offensive command can have up to two objectives
displayed beneath its ID. A HQ with a defensive command will
have one objective displayed below its ID. A HQ with a
reserve command will have no objectives displayed beneath
its ID.
There are four separate icons directly above the menu
window. They provide a simple summary of the command status
of the HQ. From left to right the icons display the on-
screen HQ icon (corps or division), the HQ type (infantry or
cavalry), whether the HQ is within the communication range
of the Army HQ and finally whether a command has been issued
to the HQ for this turn. Obviously, a HQ cannot receive a
command while it is out of communication.
Below the menu window you are told the leadership and staff
ratings of the HQ. If the HQ commander has been
incapacitated (i.e. killed, wounded or captured) then the
leadership line will tell you there is a new commander. You
are not told how capable he is! To issue a command to the
selected HQ, type (RET).

Menu 8 (HQ Order)
This is an action menu. It is used to give the HQ its orders
for the next hour.
HQs which are out of communication with the Army HQ will
only be able to access the line in the menu. A
message in the menu box will inform you that the HQ is out
of command. HQs which are in communication with the Army HQ
will have access to the full range of options in the menu.
There are three command types, the effects of which are
explained below. Note that the chosen command type will have
an effect on both communications and combat.
The Offensive Command. An offensive command allows the Army
commander to select either a friendly or enemy controlled
objective as the destination for the HQ. Furthermore, an
additional objective may be specified to define the route of
march.
Position the cursor on the line and type (RET).
You can use the arrow keys or the name routine to locate the
chosen objective. Type (RET) to accept the objective. When
issuing this command, you must specify the manoeuvre point
as the first objective and the intended destination as the
second objective. If you don't need to include a manoeuvre
point, you must type (RET) twice. Once you have completed
this routine, you are returned to Menu 7.
A corps HQ which has been given this command will check its
subordinate formations and, where necessary, amend their
orders to comply with the new command. How quickly this
happens; indeed, whether it happens at all will depend on
the leadership rating of the corps HQ. The corps HQ itself
will accompany one of its subordinates. Note that the HQ
icon is not allowed to enter enemy controlled territory.
Remember that to supersede the authority of a corps HQ over
its subordinates, you will have to select that corps HQ from
Menu 5 and wait until you are adjacent to it.
A division HQ which has been given this command will execute
it as soon as conditions allow. A poor division commander
may take longer to obey his command than a capable officer.
A division in contact with the enemy may take some time to
disengage.
Once a formation reaches its destination it will `listen'
and look for enemy units. Should any be detected within 5
hexes, then the formation will march to engage them; i.e.
they will march to the sound of the guns. Note that
formations subordinate to a corps HQ may not all take
exactly the same route as specified for the corps HQ nor
will they all select the same objective; they will not,
however, stray very far away. If there are no visible or
audible enemy, then the formation will deploy to defend its
objective(s).
Do not attempt a major redeployment of engaged troops. You
will almost certainly end up with a disaster.
The Defensive Command. A defensive command allows the Army
commander to select a friendly controlled objective as the
destination for the HQ. You will not have access to enemy
controlled objectives.
Position the cursor on the line and type (RET).
You can use the arrow keys or the name routine to locate the
chosen objective. Type (RET) to accept the objective. Once
you have completed this routine, you are returned to Menu 7.
The command is implemented much the same as the offensive
command except that formations which have reached their
destination will not march to the sound of the guns but will
deploy and defend their objective. There is always a small
chance that a commander who is out of communication with his
superior will spontaneously decide to march to the sound of
the guns.
The Reserve Command. A reserve command instructs the
subordinate HQ to withdraw from action and rest or simply to
wait in place until the appropriate time for its employment.
A corps HQ with a reserve command will usually call off any
attacks made by its subordinates. Offensive commands will be
changed to defensive or reserve commands depending on
circumstances.
A division HQ will instruct its component brigades to
withdraw from action where applicable and to recover lost
cohesion. Brigade responses are covered in the notes
accompanying the description of Menus 10 and 11.
Note that cavalry formations will generally continue in a
screening role until a deterioration in their own condition
compels a withdrawal.
Do not confuse the HQ reserve command with the brigade
reserve order. They are quite different.
Special Note. On the first am turn of any day after the
first day of a battle, you may be allowed access to all the
corps and division HQs subordinate to the army HQ. See the
note in Chapter 6 for more details.
Menu 9 (Brigade Select)
This is an information menu. Brigades are the combat units
in the game. All of the actual fighting is done by them. The
orders which they can be given are generally dependent upon
their current circumstances. The information given here on
each brigade is exactly the same as you see when you access
the brigade through the routine. Use the arrow
keys to cycle through the brigades.
When the flag is set for a scenario, all brigades
can be accessed by the army HQ from this menu. When the flag
is not used (thus recreating a more authentic nineteenth
century battlefield), only certain brigades can be accessed
by the army HQ through this menu.
These brigades are: all brigades which are directly attached
to the army HQ and which are in communication (including
brigades directly attached to a corps which is being
temporarily superseded by the army HQ); all brigades within
4 hexes of the army HQ which are in communication, no matter
to whom they are subordinated.
Note that those brigades within four hexes which are
subordinated to a corps or division HQ will display the
order which their commander has chosen for them this turn.
You may override the order if you wish.
Independent brigades attached directly to the army HQ which
are out of communication cannot be accessed at all and you
will have to rely on their commanders to do the right thing.
Note that you may always access every brigade through the
routine; you just won't be able to tell it to do
anything.
Once you have selected the brigade you wish to assign an
order to, type (RET) to bring up the brigade order menu.
There are two distinct brigade order menus. Which one you
get is determined by your proximity to enemy units.
A brigade adjacent to an enemy brigade will always use the
engaged order menu. A brigade within two hexes of an enemy
brigade will generally use the engaged order menu. The
exceptions are when a river, bridge or ford intervenes, when
the friendly brigade is unsighted or when a prohibited hex
intervenes. A brigade more than two hexes away from all
enemy brigades will always use the manoeuvre order menu.
An engaged brigade is distinguished on the screen from a
to whom they are subordinated.
Note that those brigades within four hexes which are
subordinated to a corps or division HQ will display the
order which their commander has chosen for them this turn.
You may override the order if you wish.
Independent brigades attached directly to the army HQ which
are out of communication cannot be accessed at all and you
will have to rely on their commanders to do the right thing.
Note that you may always access every brigade through the
routine; you just won't be able to tell it to do
anything.
Once you have selected the brigade you wish to assign an
order to, type (RET) to bring up the brigade order menu.
There are two distinct brigade order menus. Which one you
get is determined by your proximity to enemy units.
A brigade adjacent to an enemy brigade will always use the
engaged order menu. A brigade within two hexes of an enemy
brigade will generally use the engaged order menu. The
exceptions are when a river, bridge or ford intervenes, when
the friendly brigade is unsighted or when a prohibited hex
intervenes. A brigade more than two hexes away from all
enemy brigades will always use the manoeuvre order menu.
An engaged brigade is distinguished on the screen from a
to whom they are subordinated.
Note that those brigades within four hexes which are
subordinated to a corps or division HQ will display the
order which their commander has chosen for them this turn.
You may override the order if you wish.
Independent brigades attached directly to the army HQ which
are out of communication cannot be accessed at all and you
will have to rely on their commanders to do the right thing.
Note that you may always access every brigade through the
routine; you just won't be able to tell it to do
anything.
Once you have selected the brigade you wish to assign an
order to, type (RET) to bring up the brigade order menu.
There are two distinct brigade order menus. Which one you
get is determined by your proximity to enemy units.
A brigade adjacent to an enemy brigade will always use the
engaged order menu. A brigade within two hexes of an enemy
brigade will generally use the engaged order menu. The
exceptions are when a river, bridge or ford intervenes, when
the friendly brigade is unsighted or when a prohibited hex
intervenes. A brigade more than two hexes away from all
enemy brigades will always use the manoeuvre order menu.
An engaged brigade is distinguished on the screen from a
manoeuvre brigade by the fact that the intended target of
the engaged brigade is identified by the battle cursor.

Menu 10 (Engaged Order)
This is an action menu. The engaged order menu appears at
the bottom of the information panel. Some of the information
concerning the brigade has changed.
The top four lines show the type of enemy unit targeted,
whether it is in column or line formation (mounted/
dismounted for cavalry, limbered/unlimbered for artillery)
and whether it is steady or shaken. A brigade will be shaken
if its cohesion is less than 4 unless it is in a
fortification.
The four status icons and the brigade ID do not change.
There is some additional information concerning the
equipment of the brigade. You are told both the type of
small arms and the type of artillery used by the brigade.
The routine is identical to the routine available
through Menu 2. Below the line are the four
options available to an engaged brigade.
Note that a surprised brigade will have these options
replaced with a message that informs him of his bad luck.
Only brigades moving in column can be surprised. Brigades
which are encamped are always considered to be in column for
this purpose.
To select an option, position the cursor on the appropriate
line and type (RET). You will be returned directly to Menu
9. The four options are.
Assault. This option is available to all brigades adjacent
to their targeted enemy opponent unless a river hex-side
intervenes. It is a full-scale brigade charge combined with
a volley of musketry. The targeted enemy brigade will almost
always fire before the charge goes in so that a well
positioned, determined defender is very difficult to
dislodge on a one-on-one basis. If you are not adjacent to
your opponent, you will be denied access to the
line.
Skirmish. This option is always available when the enemy
brigade is two hexes away. It may or may not be available
when the enemy brigade is adjacent. Your brigade is told to
stand and fire at its opponent when he is adjacent or to
send a couple of regiments forward to harass your opponent
if he is two hexes distant.
This is the order which gives you the best chance to fire
first, particularly if you did not move in the previous
turn. The artillery component of a brigade cannot fire if
the brigade moved in the previous turn unless the brigade is
cavalry.
If you are adjacent to your opponent, not in a
fortification, not separated by a bridge, ford or river hex-
side and the combined cover values of your hex and your
opponent's hex are less than 4, you will be denied access to
the line.
Advance. This option is always available when the enemy
brigade is two hexes away. It is also available when your
opponent is adjacent and separated from you by a river hex-
side. Where possible, the order will move you adjacent to
your opponent. The brigade will deliver a volley of musketry
but generally not until all stationary brigades have fired
first. Use this order to get into position to deliver an
assault.
Withdraw. This is the only option which is always available
to an engaged brigade, regardless of whether it is one or
two hexes away. The brigade will attempt to move out of
contact with both its opponent and any other enemy present.
A cavalry brigade given a withdraw order will fight as
though it had a skirmish order but move as though it had a
withdraw order.

Menu 11 (Manoeuvre Order)
This is an action menu. The manoeuvre order menu appears at
the bottom of the information panel. Some of the information
concerning the brigade has changed.
The information above the brigade ID does not change. Below
the brigade ID you are told whether the brigade is in line
or column (mounted/dismounted for cavalry,
limbered/unlimbered for artillery), its size and artillery
strength, the number of movement points available for the
coming turn and the maximum number of hexes it may move
regardless of its MP allowance.
The routine is identical to the routine available
through Menu 2. Below the line are the six
options available to a manoeuvre brigade. Note that a
manoeuvre brigade cannot be surprised.
Column/Objective. A brigade attached to a division will
display the line, a brigade attached to a corps or
army HQ will display the line.
This means that a brigade attached to a division cannot be
given a separate objective; placing it in column will direct
it to the current objective of its division HQ. An
independent brigade may be given a separate objective.
Position the cursor on the line and type (RET). You
will be returned directly to Menu 9. Position the cursor on
the line and type (RET). The cursor will move to
the map and centre on the brigade's last objective. If there
is no last objective, the cursor will centre on the nearest
objective. Use the arrow keys or the name routine to locate
the chosen objective and type (RET). You will be returned
directly to Menu 9.
Deploy. This order allows the commander a one hex radius in
which to reposition the brigade. Position the cursor on the
line and type (RET). The cursor will move to the
map and centre on the brigade. The brigade icon will flash
alternately with an indicator icon to show the direction the
brigade will move in.
Use the arrow keys to redirect the indicator icon and type
(RET) when it is facing in the chosen direction. Once a
direction has been chosen, the indicator icon will disappear
to be replaced with an action icon over the chosen hex. In
the ensuing turn, the brigade will move into the hex
identified by the action icon.
Regroup. A brigade with a regroup order will attempt to move
as quickly as possible to its superior HQ. Position the
cursor over the line and type (RET). You will be
returned directly to Menu 9. A brigade to which the division
HQ is attached cannot regroup; rather it will act as the
locus for regrouping by other brigades in the division.
Stand. A brigade with a stand order will stay exactly where
it is. Position the cursor over the line and type
(RET). You will be returned directly to Menu 9.
Reserve. A brigade must be in reserve to recover lost
cohesion. Never miss an opportunity to put a brigade into
reserve if its cohesion is fair or worse. Position the
cursor over the line and type (RET). You will be
returned directly to Menu 9. Brigades in reserve will not
move and are automatically surprised if they enter the
engaged order routines. Shattered brigades cannot go into
reserve if their cohesion is 4 or greater. Other brigades
cannot go into reserve if their cohesion is 6 or greater.
Brigades with objective/column or regroup orders will move
in column (mounted for cavalry, unlimbered for artillery).
If they are forced into the engaged order routines while
they have these orders, there is a chance they may be
surprised. The higher the leadership and experience, the
lower the chance of being surprised. A surprised brigade is
considered to have had insufficient time to deploy for
combat and suffers accordingly.
Battlefield entrenchments can be dug by certain infantry
brigades. A side must be specified in the briefing setup as
capable of entrenchment. If this is the case, then infantry
brigades which do not move or fire in a particular turn may
dig a battlefield entrenchment. The entrenchment will
disappear as soon as the brigade leaves the hex or is given
an assault order. Shattered brigades will not benefit from
entrenchments. Battlefield entrenchments are treated as
fortifications with a value ranging from 1 - 3.

Menu 12 (Options)
There are five options available.
The line will tell you the final score if the
scenario were to end at this point. Hit any key to return to
the options menu.
The line will display a couple of paragraphs of
handy hints for the scenario. Hit any key to return to the
options menu.
The line operates as explained in Menu 2.
The line toggles the sound on/off.
The line activates the Auto Save feature. When
Auto Save is on, the scenario in play will be saved at the
end of each turn. Only one file is maintained and it is over-
written each turn with the current turn. This file can be
loaded using the line in Start Menu C.

4. THE GAME SYSTEMS
The major systems which operate within the game are sighting
(visibility), communications, combat, cohesion and
manoeuvre. There is quite a bit of inter-relation between
these systems but for ease of clarification they have been
discussed separately.
To play the game, all you need to know is what the menus do
and how to use them. To understand what is going on behind
the scenes and to play the game well, you should read this
chapter carefully.

Sighting
After a couple of introductory games, most people will want
to play the game with the flag switched off. Not
knowing where all your opponent's troops are, not knowing
how many he has, add a completely new dimension to the play
of the game.
The sighting rules work like this. There are two mechanisms
by which a unit may be sighted. The first is by the eyeball
contact of a friendly unit, the second is by a patrol picket
represented in the game by the hex control icons you can
observe in the routine.
Each terrain type on the map has a cover value assigned to
it. These values can be found from the routine.
The computer sums the cover values between each friendly
unit and every enemy unit within five hexes, including both
the hex occupied by the friendly unit and the hex occupied
by the enemy unit.
The sighting value is increased by 4-15 points for each of
the following conditions which apply; overcast, rain, snow,
dawn, dusk, night, heavy fog and light fog.
The sighting value is increased by 8 for each intervening
hex. A random number of 0-7 is added. If the final sighting
value is less than 56, the enemy unit is sighted.
Furthermore, the maximum sighting range at night or in heavy
fog is one hex. As you can see, it is possible for a unit
which sights an enemy unit to remain undetected by that
enemy unit!
A sighting check is made at the end of each turn and all
units which have been sighted by this mechanism are so
flagged and become visible on the map.
The second mechanism for sighting has nothing to do with
enemy units or terrain type. Whenever a friendly unit moves
adjacent to an enemy control icon, it is flagged as picketed
and immediately becomes visible on the screen.
Simultaneously with this, as the friendly unit moves across
the map, it switches the control icon of every hex adjacent
to its path except hexes across a river, bridge or ford hex-
side and hexes adjacent to an enemy unit. For example, you
would only see the first unit of a column of troops moving
along a road which was enemy controlled at the start of the
turn. It would be up to you to decide if the force was a
single brigade or a whole corps!
A picket check is made every time a unit moves and the
picket flag is set as soon as a positive result is
triggered.
At the beginning of each turn, the sighting status of all
units is updated. All units with the picketed flag set
become unsighted. All units with the sighting flag set
become picketed.

Communications
When you play the game with the flag set, there is
no need to worry about communications at all. You are always
in control of every HQ and brigade in your force. Again,
however, after you have played a couple of games, you will
want to experience a more authentic battle environment.
Switching the flag off will introduce you to the
frustrations and challenges of the pre-twentieth century
battlefield. With both the and flags
switched off, you can be sure of a very exciting experience.
At the beginning of each turn, every brigade and HQ on the
board except for the army HQ makes a check with its superior
formation. As a result of this check, every brigade and HQ
will be either in communication or out of communication.
Army HQs are always considered in communication. Troops yet
to arrive on the battlefield are always out of
communication.
Whether a brigade or HQ is in communication or out of
communication is displayed in its status report as described
in Menus 7 and 9.
The mechanism by which this judgement is made is as follows.
The distance between the unit and its superior unit is
measured in hexes and cross-referenced to the communications
table. The number obtained is the base chance measured
against a random 15 (i.e. a number between 0 and 15) that
the unit will be in communication.
There are several variables which modify the base chance
before it is checked against the random number. Note that
the base chance can never fall below 0; i.e. there is always
at least 1 chance in 16 that a unit will be in
communication.
Time of Day. Night (-4), dawn, dusk (-2).
Weather. Rain, snow, heavy fog (-3), drizzle, light fog (-
1).
Staff Rating. Add the staff value of the testing unit's HQ.
Corps Modifiers. Infantry corps (0), cavalry corps (+4)
Division Modifiers. Infantry division (0), cavalry division
(+6), army HQ (+2), corps HQ (0).
Brigade Modifiers. Infantry brigade (0), mounted infantry,
artillery brigade (+6), cavalry brigade (+8), army HQ (+2),
corps HQ (1), division HQ (0).
Miscellaneous Modifiers. For army HQs: -2 if enemy brigade
within 4 hexes, -1 if moved last turn, -3 if heroic, -1 if
bold; for corps HQs: -1 if enemy brigade within three hexes,
-1 if offensive command.

First am Turn Provisions
On the first move turn of each day after the first day of
the battle, there may be a special opportunity to issue
commands to corps and division HQs. If there have been 6
consecutive no move turns (i.e. the move value in the
briefing routine is set to 0, then an army HQ will be
allowed access to all on-map HQs for command purposes. This
is to simulate the nightly briefing which would (should)
have occurred.
An army commander will have the most control over his forces
when his army HQ is not engaged, is stationary and the
weather is good. The more you move around, the more closely
you get involved in the action, then the more tenuous will
be your control over your troops.
You must strike the right balance between committing
yourself personally and directing your army efficiently. The
player who does this consistently better than his opponent
will win.

Combat
After you have issued commands and orders to your troops,
the first on-screen events you will witness after selecting
the line are the combat reports. The target unit of
each battle is identified by the action icon and all
brigades attacking it are identified by indicator icons.
The information panel describes the battle represented on-
screen by the combat icons. The attacker's information
always appears above the defender's information.
The combined strength of all attacking brigades is shown
together with the defending brigade's strength. The combat
result is shown as a number of hits and a cohesion loss.
The relationship between hits and cohesion is detailed later
in this section and an explanation of cohesion provided in a
later section. Leaders may be killed, wounded or captured.
Firstly, you need to know who fights who, in what order
these fights are carried out and what factors are used to
calculate fire and melee values.
Target Selection. Only brigades select targets. Brigades and
HQs may be selected as targets. Each brigade must select one
eligible enemy unit within its range as its target. Target
selecting priorities are as follows. Note that occasionally
they will be violated to reflect the uncertainty of war.
Each brigade will select the closest enemy brigade.
Each brigade will select an untargeted enemy brigade in
preference to an already targeted enemy brigade.
Each brigade will select a deployed enemy brigade in
preference to an enemy brigade in column.
Obviously, this routine is used only when there is more than
one potential target.
In summary, this means that adjacent enemy units will almost
always be chosen in preference to more distant enemy units
and that multiple brigades cannot gang up on a single
brigade unless it is alone.
Sequence of Attack. Each brigade fires and/or melees
separately. For convenience of combat reporting, however,
all attacks against a single unit are displayed as a
combined attack. The screen would look too messy if we did
it any other way. We tried several display systems. What we
ended up with is by far the best. There is no distinction
between sides in these combat routines.
Not every brigade which selected an opponent in the target
selection routine is actually eligible to attack. Artillery
brigades which moved in the preceding turn cannot fire.
Similarly, the artillery component of non-artillery brigades
which moved last turn will not contribute to their brigade's
fire value unless the brigade type is cavalry.
All other attacking brigades fall into one of four
categories. All brigades within one category will attack
before any brigades in subsequent categories will attack.
Within a category, every brigade consults a formula to
determine the order of attack.
The four categories are.
(i). Infantry and mounted infantry in line, dismounted
cavalry (unless with assault orders) and unlimbered
artillery which did not move in the preceding turn.
(ii). Infantry and mounted infantry in line, dismounted
cavalry (unless with assault orders) and unlimbered
artillery which did move in the preceding turn.
(iii). Infantry, mounted infantry and cavalry which has been
surprised (i.e. in column).
(iv). Cavalry with assault orders. For game purposes, this
is considered to be a cavalry charge. Note that any brigade
with a small arms type which has a range of 0 also fits into
this category. There are no such unit types in Civil War
battles. A Zulu impi, for example, would have a small arms
type with 0 range.
Within each category, the mechanism used to determine the
sequence of attack is calculated from the following formula.
Cohesion + 0.5 (lead. + exp.) + brigade type + brigade order
+ rnd (3)
Where brigade type is artillery (+4), all others (0) and
brigade order is skirmish (+6), assault or advance (+2),
withdraw (0). Note that a cavalry brigade with a withdraw
order is treated as though it had a skirmish order for the
purpose of determining the sequence of attack.
In summary, every attacking brigade has been assigned a
position in the firing order. Properly deployed, prepared
troops will generally fire first. And, as you will see from
the firing mechanics, firing first is a tremendous
advantage.
The Fire Value. Each brigade determines its fire/melee value
according to the following data.
(i). Artillery Brigades
(a). Add all battery strength points
(b). Add 1 for each point of experience above 4
(c). Add 1 for each point of leadership above 4
(d). Add rate of fire value
(e). Add effectiveness value (if opponent is adjacent)
(f). Add penetration value (if opponent is not
adjacent)
(g). Subtract 2 for every intervening hex
(h). Subtract half of the cover value of the firer's
hex (unless in a fortification)
(i). Subtract the cover value of the target's hex
(unless in a fortification or the target has an assault
order)
(j). Subtract twice the fortification value of the
target's hex (unless the target has an assault order)
All artillery brigades have a maximum fire value of 6 in
rain, snow, heavy fog or at night. Artillery brigades with a
withdraw order may not have a fire value greater than 8.
The fire value of the artillery component of other brigade
types is calculated in the same way.
(ii). Infantry, Mounted Infantry and Cavalry Brigades
Note that cavalry brigades with assault orders and all
brigades with a small arms range of 0 are treated
differently.
(a). Add all of the first 8 strength points, half of
the next 8 strength points and one quarter of the remaining
strength points
(b). Add 1 for each point of experience above 4
(c). Add 1 for each point of leadership above 4
(d). Add 1 for every regiment in the brigade above 4
(e). Add fire value of the small arms type
(f). Add twice the melee value of small arms type (if
order is assault)
(g). Subtract half of the cover value of the firer's
hex (unless in a fortification)
(h). Subtract the cover value of the target's hex
(unless in a fortification or the target has an assault
order)
(i). Subtract twice the fortification value of the
target's hex (unless the target has an assault order)
Surprised brigades cannot have a fire value greater than 2.
Brigades with a withdraw order cannot have a fire value
greater than 8. Note that cavalry brigades with a withdraw
order are treated as though they had a skirmish order.
Brigades with a small arms range of 0 cannot have a fire
value greater than 2. Brigades have a maximum fire value of
6 in rain, snow, heavy fog or at night. Brigades firing at a
non adjacent opponent have their fire value reduced to 25%.
(iii). Cavalry Brigades with Assault Orders
This group includes all brigades with a small arms range of
0 who are assaulting.
(a). Add all strength points
(b). Add 1 for each point of experience above 4
(c). Add 1 for each point of leadership above 4
(d). Add 1 for every regiment in the brigade above 4
(e). Add twice the melee value of small arms type (if
current order is assault)
(h). Subtract twice the cover value of the target's hex
(unless in a fortification or the target has an assault
order)
(i). Subtract three times the fortification value of
the target's hex (unless the target has an assault order)
Brigades have their fire/melee value reduced by 50% in rain,
snow, heavy fog or at night.
As a final modifier, the current cohesion rating of a
brigade affects its fire value. Cohesion value 6 or 7 = no
effect, 4 or 5 = 75%, 2 or 3 = 50%, 1 = no fire value.
All brigades with an assault order are eligible to receive a
combat bonus if a heroic army commander is within four
hexes. This bonus can be as much as 50% again of the
brigade's fire value.
The fire value is the principal factor used in calculating
how much cohesion a brigade loses as a result of being fired
upon. Cohesion is explained in the following section.

Cohesion
The gradual reduction in a brigade's fighting ability
throughout the game is measured through a fluctuating
Cohesion Value. The cohesion value is decreased as a
consequence of taking losses from combat. The cohesion value
can only be increased while a brigade is in reserve.
As soon as a brigade's cohesion value drops to 0, then the
brigade is removed from play.
As soon as a brigade's cohesion value drops to 2, it
shatters. There is no additional effect when a shattered
brigade's cohesion value drops to 2.
If the shatter flag in the brigade creation screen is set to
1, then the brigade begins the game in a shattered
condition. If the flag is set to 0, then the brigade begins
the game in a normal condition.
A normal brigade may recover to a cohesion value of 6. A
shattered brigade may recover to a cohesion value of 4.
During night turns, normal brigades may sometimes recover to
a cohesion rating of 7, shattered brigades may reach a
cohesion rating of 5.
A brigade's cohesion value can only drop as a consequence of
sustaining casualties in combat. Each time a brigade is a
target for enemy fire, it immediately checks to see if a
cohesion value loss has occurred. This loss is implemented
immediately.
The procedure for calculating a brigade's cohesion value
loss is given below. Note that HQs do not have a
vulnerability value. If they are subject to enemy fire, they
make an automatic retreat of 2-4 hexes.
Step One. Calculate the target's vulnerability value using
the following formula.
Current Cohesion + 0.5 (lead. + exp.) + brigade type +
brigade size + rnd 3
where brigade type is artillery (8), infantry (6), mounted
infantry, cavalry (4), all surprised brigades, all reserve
brigades (0) and brigade size is 1-4 SPs (0), 5-8 SPs (1), 9
16 SPs (3), 17+ SPs (6).
Step Two. Compare the fire value with the vulnerability
value to obtain the number of hits scored. Table 2 gives the
details.
Each hit scored is one random (1) chance of causing a
cohesion loss except against a brigade with a withdraw order
or a brigade with the encamped flag set. In the former case
it is one random (3) chance of causing a cohesion loss and
in the latter case it is an automatic loss of one cohesion
point.
Step Three. At the completion of all combat, each brigade
fired on makes a cohesion check to see if its current orders
are over-ridden. The test is:
Current Cohesion + 0.5 (lead. + exp.) + fortification value
+ tactical factor + confidence factor + command factor +
current order + previous turn + rnd 7
where tactical factor is fired at through frontal hex-sides
(4), enfiladed (0), the confidence factor is the number of
friendly brigades within three hexes minus the number of
enemy brigades within 2 hexes, the command factor is heroic
army leader in range (3), bold army leader in range (2),
sensible army leader in range (1), cautious army leader in
range (0), current order is assault (2), withdraw (-2).
Note that an account is also made for events which occurred
in the previous turn. Friendly brigades within four hexes
and enemy brigades within 3 hexes may have an affect.
Subtract 1 for each friendly brigade which retreated, 3 for
each friendly brigade which shattered and 7 for each
friendly brigade which was KIA'd. Add 2 for each enemy
brigade either retreated, shattered or KIA'd.
The maximum negative value of this variable is -7. There is
no limit as to how large it may be. Finally, the effect of a
KIA'd brigade may persist for up to two turns.
(a). If this value is 0 - 6, then a shattered brigade is
eliminated, all other brigades become shattered and flee 3-4
hexes to the rear.
(b). If this value is 7 - 10, then the brigade shatters and
flees 3-4 hexes to the rear.
(c). If this value is 11 - 15, then brigade retreats 1-2
hexes to the rear.
(d). If this value is 16+, then there is no effect.
Remember that independent of these results, as soon as a
brigade's cohesion value drops to 2 it will shatter and as
soon as it drops to 0 it will disappear (KIA) for the rest
of the game.

Manoeuvre
Once the last combat report has been displayed, the movement
routines are activated. The computer determines in which
order the units will move. This is based on staff,
experience, leadership, cohesion, current order and a small
random component. If necessary, the movement routine will be
divided into a series of pulses. This is to ensure that
every unit has the maximum opportunity to complete its
movement without being blocked by friendly units.
The menu window will display the word throughout
the duration of the movement routines. The screen will
centre on each unit as it moves. Note that there will be no
indication of the movement of unsighted units. The number of
movement points available to a unit can be reduced by any of
the following; bad weather, time of day, low cohesion, poor
leadership or just plain bad luck. Units out of
communication are more likely to lose MPs.

6. WINNING THE GAME
The game will end with the completion of the movement
routine on the last turn. The victory screen will appear and
summarise the players' performance.
Additionally, players may elect to end the game at any time
by selecting the line from Menu 2. If this is done,
victory points will be displayed as though the game was
scheduled to end on that turn.

DECISIVE BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR
Strategic Studies Group (SSG)
SCENARIOS (VOL III)

WILDERNESS
May 5 - 6, 1864
Fought in the tangle of undergrowth that had overset Joe
Hooker, the battle of Wilderness was a total and bloody
confusion. Normally steady troops often broke and ran when
unexpected attacks broke out of tangled vegetation a bare 20
yards away and on both sides units tended to become mixed,
making the transmission of orders difficult.
Three main roads led into the Wilderness from the west and
south-west: the Turnpike and Plank Roads from Orange, and
the Catharpin Road from Gordonsville. Ewell was ordered to
take his corps along the plank road and form a defensive
position and wait for Hill, on the Plank Road and Longstreet
on the Catharpin to arrive. Longstreet had much farther to
travel than the other two.
Ewell deployed successfully and ran into Warren's corps.
Initially, Ewell's forward brigade was routed but the
attackers were soon outflanked and routed in their turn. Two
more blue divisions were surprised and driven off, some
fleeing into Confederate lines so completely had they lost
their sense of direction. Ewell did not advance beyond his
original position and spent the afternoon digging in.
Hill, coming slightly later up the plank road, made heavy
contact with Hancock who had been given orders to backtrack
from the Catharpin Road to deal with him. The terrain
decisively favoured the Confederate defenders but it was
still 25,000 versus 7,500 and Hancock would probably have
broken through were it not for the fall of darkness.
Both commanders were planning attacks for the following day.
Grant sent Burnside to fill the gap between Warren and
Hancock and Warren was to keep Ewell occupied while the main
attack went in on Hill. Lee planned to shift Longstreet from
the Catharpin Road to the Plank Road and have Hill sidle
north to fill the gap.
Longstreet's corps was delayed until well after sunrise.
Hill's troops, who had neglected to entrench overnight, were
pushed back, although in good order, and matters were
getting critical when Longstreet's lead brigade finally
arrived. By about 10.00 o'clock, the line had been restored.
There was then something of a lull. Grant, at this point,
had both flanks exposed and no centre, for Burnside had got
himself lost in the tangle and was wandering around in
circles with two divisions. Ironically, by having
disappeared, Burnside put in an effective defence on the
right flank. Gordon, commanding the Confederate far left
brigade repeatedly asked permission to attack the open flank
but was refused because Burnside was unaccounted for.
On the Union left, not only was Hancock's flank open, but an
unfinished railroad cutting led right up to it. Longstreet
was not the man to miss such an opportunity and he sent
Sorrel with three brigades into the attack. At 11.00 am he
exploded into the Union flank with dynamic results. As
Hancock said to Longstreet years later "You rolled me up
like a wet blanket."
The Confederate units had become terribly mixed-up, however,
and two actually started firing on each other. Longstreet
went forward to stop it and was badly wounded and had to be
carried from the field. Command went to General Field who
spent the next four hours sorting the units back into some
sort of order.
At 6.00 pm Gordon finally got permission to attack the Union
right when Lee himself came up to investigate. Burnside had
by this time found the centre opposite Hill and his phantom
flank protection worked no longer. Gordon charged in and
started to roll up the flank, but darkness fell before Grant
suffered any major disaster.
The following day saw both sides entrenched and very little
fighting. Grant had been decisively beaten, losing 17,666
casualties to his opponent's 7,800 and being turned on both
flanks. It was a far worse disaster than Hooker had suffered
on the same ground. Unlike Hooker, however, Grant managed to
avoid defeat by the simple expedient of refusing to
acknowledge it. He marched for Spotsylvania and Lee would
have to do his work all over again.
PLAYER'S NOTES
Union. As Grant, your first task is to prevent the advancing
units of A. P. Hill's Corps from reaching the Brock Road.
Only then can you afford the luxury of planning offensive
moves. The North has the initiative but be ready for
Longstreet's arrival on Day 2. If you lose control of the
Brock Road you will probably lose the game.
Confederate. Lee must drive quickly along the Orange Plank
Road until a solid Union line is encountered, then extend
his flanks and consolidate. Pushing too hard against Union
positions that are steadily being reinforced will drain too
much Southern blood. Place your artillery carefully as there
are few open areas for its effective employment. (Note that
artillery units cannot move through wilderness unless a
track is present.) The South can win without cutting the
Brock Road but to do so you must dish out much more
punishment than you take.
SCENARIO VARIANTS
(1). Lee commanded the battle from the south and gave Ewell
little guidance apart from instructing him to coordinate his
actions by reference to the sound of the battle raging to
his south. To give Lee a different perspective, we can start
him on the northern flank with Ewell. Do this by changing
the South's Army HQ location to 0,11.
(2). Each commander had only a limited knowledge of his
opponent's forces and strength throughout this engagement.
To create more uncertainty during the game, modify the
arrival times for the following units, using either or both
options as you choose:
(a). Longstreet arrives earlier. Change Longstreet's HQ and
Brigades arrival time to Day 1, 11 am and the likelihood
value to 5.
(b). Hancock's arrival uncertain. Subtract 7 from Hancock's
HQ and Brigade arrival times and change likelihood to 2.

SPOTSYLVANIA
May 10 - 12, 1864
After the battle of Wilderness, Grant attempted to march
around Lee's right flank to Spotsylvania and thus place
himself between his opponent and his capital, Richmond. Lee,
however, anticipated the movement and Anderson, leading the
vanguard, was just in time to hold off Grant's lead
elements. On 9th May there was some skirmishing, during
which Sedgwick, one of Grant's ablest commanders, was killed
by a sniper but the main activity was Confederate troops
digging into a strongly fortified position.
Grant was left with three unpalatable alternatives. Do
nothing (the McClellan gambit). This would allow Lee to
detach troops elsewhere. Manoeuvre around Lee again (the
Sherman/Grant gambit). This would simply postpone the
confrontation, shortening Lee's lines of communication in
the process. Assault the fortifications (the Burnside
gambit). This would almost certainly lead to a bloody
repulse.
To one of Grant's temperament, option three was really the
only choice despite the risks. A major assault was planned
for 5 pm. Warren appealed for permission to attack early,
believing he saw the possibility of a breakthrough. Grant
let him have his head but Warren was repulsed in what was to
prove the pattern of the day.
Colonel Emory Upton, however, came up with a plan to assault
on a narrow front in 4 lines, not returning fire until the
entrenchments were reached. He achieved a penetration but a
supporting action by Wright's Division was routed and Upton
had to fight his way out again.
Nevertheless, Grant was impressed with the idea and planned
to repeat the whole manoeuvre on a grand scale using
Hancock's Corps. The 11th was spent in preparation and on
the 12th, the attack went in. Hancock was to attack the
salient frontally, supported by Burnside to the east and
Wright to the west. Warren was to attack further west in
order to tie up more of Lee's troops.
Initially, the attack succeeded well. An intelligence error
had led Lee to believe that Grant was retreating and
consequently the 22 guns in the salient had been withdrawn.
General Edward Johnson ordered them back again but they were
still being moved when the attack went in and nearly all
were captured without firing a shot. Three generals, 30 guns
and a full division of men were taken in the first rush.
However, the penetration was not smooth, being held up by
stubborn pockets of resistance and by the unfamiliar terrain
and soon 20,000 men were packed into an extremely small
area.
A counter-attack by Gordon slammed into the packed mass of
men with devastating effect and the assault degenerated into
close fighting across barricades. The salient, soon to be
known as the "Bloody Angle", was the scene of some of the
nastiest and most prolonged fighting in the war. From early
morning until midnight, men fought at arm's length across
the barricades. The hail of lead was such that an oak, fully
two feet in diameter, was felled by small-arms fire.
Burnside's supporting attack was a total failure, his men
contenting themselves with long distance sniping. Wright's
attack went in much more vigorously but his men were held at
the barricades and joined Hancock's Corps in the close
fighting. Warren's attack, on the Confederate left flank,
was late getting under way and did not close in until 9 am.
It was soon repulsed and this enabled Lee to send more
troops across to the salient.
Despite the long day's fighting, Lee's position held but at
the cost of about 6,000 killed, wounded or captured. Grant's
total was similar and slightly higher at 6,820. As at
Wilderness, Grant had failed to break Lee's veteran army but
again he refused to concede defeat. After a further week of
skirmishing he set off again for another rendezvous at Cold
Harbor.
PLAYER'S NOTES
Union. Those Southern boys have been busy digging - facing
you are lines of well-placed breastworks, bristling with
guns. Deploy your men and launch the best co-ordinated
attack possible. Force your opponent to commit his reserves
and hope you can crack his lines enough to break through
with some fresh troops.
Confederate. As Lee, the aim is to hold your ground. The
"Bloody Angle" around McCoull's Farm will probably fall to
Northern assaults but you should be able to regain it. If
things get desperate and the North aren't pressuring you on
the west bank of the Po River, create an extra reserve with
either Mahone's or Heth's Divisions.
SCENARIO VARIANTS
(1). Before the start of the scenario, a flanking move
carried out by General Hancock's command along the eastern
side of the map caused Lee to re-deploy Heth on his left
flank and move Mahone across the Po River. To re-create the
original situation, make the following changes:
(a). Add a dawn turn at 4 am on Day 1 and add day-move turns
between this and those already in existence.
(b). Remove Confederate entrenchments from the west bank of
the Po River and substitute the appropriate underlying
terrain as per the map.
(c). Move Mahone's Division east of the Po River.
(d). Move Heth's Division to positions near Spotsylvania and
change his HQ's Objective to 8.
(e). Change Hancock's orders to OFFENSIVE with Objectives 5
and 6. Change Birney's and Gibbon's orders to OFFENSIVE with
Objectives 5 and 6. Change Barlow's orders to OFFENSIVE with
Objectives 17 and 6.
(2). A storm arrived during the night of 11th causing
lowered visibility on the following day. To create clear
weather throughout this scenario, change the Weather to
CLEAR on Days 2 and 3 and remove all fog.

COLD HARBOR
June 1 - 3, 1864
At the end of May 1864, Grant attempted to move his army
around Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia to Cold Harbor.
On 31st May, a day-long cavalry battle between Sheridan and
FitzLee took place and Sheridan managed to take Cold Harbor.
He was not convinced he could hold it for long but direct
orders from Grant and Meade told him to do his best.
Lee had anticipated Grant's movement and planned to attack
and defeat the northern army in detail as it moved up,
starting with Sheridan's troopers. Lee himself, however, was
suffering from an abdominal complaint and was unable to take
the field personally and in his absence the attack was
bungled.
On the morning of 1st June, Kershaw's division attacked
Sheridan's cavalry. The lead brigade was commanded by the
inexperienced Col Keitt who led the charge in gallant 1861
style and promptly perished in a hail of bullets. His men,
who had spent the last two years in soft garrison duties,
fled at the sight and the veteran troops on the flanks were
obliged to give back also. The attack degenerated into a
panic retreat.
By midday, Wright arrived with three divisions to relieve
Sheridan and dug in. Lee was obliged to call off further
attacks. Towards sunset, Meade pushed Smith's and Wright's
divisions forward into jumping-off points for the following
day's attack.
The attack did not happen on 2nd because Hancock's Corps did
not arrive until 6.30 am, two hours late, and they were too
tired from their long night march to assault immediately.
The attack was then set for 5 pm but Confederate activities
on the flanks, including the taking of Turkey Hill, decided
Grant to postpone it until the 3rd.
Grant was convinced that Lee's army was almost finished and
this caused him to plan the attack carelessly. Little or no
provision was made for communication or co-ordination and
virtually no reconnaissance was carried out. The men,
however, were deeply pessimistic about their chances and
many spent the evening sewing pieces of paper with their
names on onto their coats so that their bodies might be
identified.
Their pessimism was fully warranted and the attack was a
massacre. It ran into carefully prepared fields of fire and
few men made it anywhere near the barricades. In
approximately eight minutes the attack had been bloodily
repulsed and that was it. Grant ordered further assaults but
the local commanders to a man chose to interpret this to
mean a stepped-up rate of fire only. None would advance into
the certain death awaiting them in front. Eventually, at
1.30 pm Grant gave in and suspended the assault order.
Casualties for the battle were 1500 Confederate and 7000
Union, most of the latter having been incurred in the first
few minutes of the charge. With uncharacteristic gloom,
Grant remarked "I regret this assault more than any one I
ever ordered". Up at the sharp end, regret was even greater.
A diary recovered from one of the Union corpses held the
following entry: "June 3. Cold Harbor. I was killed."
PLAYER'S NOTES
Union. At Cold Harbor, Grant faced an interlocking system of
trenches and fieldworks that would, with the addition of
barbed wire and machine guns, have been right at home on any
WWI battlefield. Heavy losses are unavoidable and the
careful coordination of attacking brigades is essential for
any chance of a Northern (Pyrrhic!) victory. Choose a
valuable victory hex as your primary objective and attempt
to maximise victory points gained against troop losses. And
don't forget to pin a name tag to the back of your coat -
just in case!
Confederate. The first day will probably see a penetration
into your lines around New Cold Harbor. When reinforcements
arrive, concentrate on regaining the fortification lines
with deliberate, well-timed attacks on the fatigued
Federals. Position the artillery brigade to best advantage
as the Union attack develops. It can give you a significant
edge if used properly.
SCENARIO VARIANTS
(1). The Scenario varies from history by allowing Hancock's
Corps to arrive fresh and ready for battle on day 2. In
reality this unit arrived in such an exhausted state that
Grant was forced to postpone his attack until the following
day. To recreate this situation, make the following changes.
(a). Replace the END at dusk on Day 2 with MOVE
(b). Give all of Hancock's Brigades (#58 - #68 and #76) a
cohesion of 4
(c). Change Hancock's Corps and Division HQ orders to
RESERVE, with no set objectives
(d). Make the North defensive on Day 2
(e). Add 2 to the fort value of all Southern and Northern
breastworks.
This should result in the historical crushing Southern
victory.
(2). The timely arrival of Hill's Corps saved the day for
the South. To give the North a real chance, change Hill's
Corps HQ and all his brigade's (#22 - #34) likelihood values
to 5, thereby delaying their arrival.

ATLANTA
July 22, 1864
In replacing Johnston with Hood, the Confederate High
Command expected an aggressive approach to Sherman's advance
on Atlanta. In this regard, Hood did not fail to deliver. On
July 20th he made a sortie which became known as the Battle
of Peachtree Creek. Launched against the rock-steady Thomas,
it achieved little but on the following day Wheeler's
cavalry reported that McPherson, on the Union left, had
neglected to protect his flank. Hood saw an opportunity here
for a decisive victory and sent Hardee on a circuitous night
march, with orders to attack the exposed flank at dawn. He
withdrew the rest of his troops to Atlanta's inner defences
and sent Wheeler to attack Decatur and the Union baggage
train.
Things did not go completely according to plan due partly to
bad luck and partly to bad management. There were delays in
the process of disengagement and it was not until 3 am. that
the last of Hardee's corps had left the Atlanta
entrenchments. The men were also tired after the heavy
fighting on 20th and skirmishing on 21st. It was not until
noon, therefore, that Hardee arrived at his objective and
launched the attack.
The results were variable. Maney's division went in too far
to the left and hit an entrenched position. Cleburne, next
in line, was much more successful and made a substantial
penetration. On the right, however, Bate and Walker ran into
an unexpected defence. An entire Union corps, under Dodge,
had spent the morning engaged in destroying the railroad to
the north and was marching back as Bate and Walker moved
forward. They immediately faced left and the column turned
into a long defensive line.
McPherson, one of the North's most able generals, was killed
in the battle. He was at headquarters with Sherman when he
heard firing and went to investigate. He ran into Cleburne's
men and was shot down as he tried to ride away. Sherman sent
few re-inforcements across, wanting to give McPherson's
veterans a chance for revenge.
His faith in them was warranted. There was hard fighting
around Bald Hill, held by Leggett but the gallant corps
commander Logan took command of McPherson's army and the
critical point held. At the end of the day, Hood had nothing
to show for his efforts except for 8,000 casualties to
Sherman's 3,700. Unlike Johnston, Hood did not fully
appreciate that aggression was not necessarily the better
part of valour.
PLAYER'S NOTES
Union. You begin the game with your southern flank turned
and your first job is to stabilise it. Fuller and Sweeny
will probably need help but don't over-react, as Hood's
attack from Atlanta must be dealt with as it arrives.
General McPherson was killed during this battle, largely due
to his moving around the field without an adequate escort.
As the Northern commander we recommend that you be more
sensible in your command profile.
Confederate. Hood begins the game at his HQ in the Atlanta
fortifications. He has the option to wait until Hardee is
engaged and then control Cheatham's Corps or to move to the
southern flank and direct Hardee's units as they drive into
the Northern rear. Either choice is valid and as the action
unfolds, success can depend on whether you are in the right
place at the right time.
SCENARIO VARIANTS
(1). Just after McPherson ordered Dodge's Corps to deploy
south protecting his exposed flank, Sherman commanded Dodge
to move east and destroy the railroad lines around Decatur.
McPherson persuaded Sherman to withdraw his orders and thus
prevented Hood's outflanking movement from having
devastating effect. To simulate Dodge's removal, make the
following changes.
(a). Relocate Dodge's HQ and Brigades to 17,2.
(b). Change arrival time to Turn 1 and likelihood to 3.
(This gives this unit a 25% chance of not arriving at all,
or else arriving with a 2-7 turn delay.)
(2). Hood's plan called for Hardee to be in position for his
attack at dawn but delays on the approach march prevent
this. To make the battle begin at dawn, enter the briefing
screen for Day 1 and place a dawn turn at 5 am and add day
turns as necessary to fill the existing gap. Move Dodge's HQ
and Brigades to 8,3; 9,3; 10,3 and 11,3 respectively.
(3). Historically, Hood delayed the commitment of Cheatham's
Corps. To simulate this, change Cheatham's Corps HQ and
Brigades likelihood value to 6.

FRANKLIN
November 30, 1864
After Sherman took Atlanta, Hood obtained permission to
launch what was to be a futile expedition into Tennessee. On
28th-29th Schofield, retreating north, had escaped from a
trap, largely due to a mix-up of orders on Hood's side. Hood
was absolutely furious and it is possible that this warped
his judgement.
He arrived at Franklin to find Schofield dug in and in the
process of repairing the bridge across the Harpeth River so
that he could continue towards Nashville. Two of Hood's
seven divisions were still well to the rear, as well as all
but eight of his guns, so he had with him about 30,000 men.
Schofield was entrenched with 34,000 and 60 guns.
Furthermore, there was two miles of open plain before the
town. Hood's subordinates were aghast when he ordered a
general attack but, in the grand tradition of Ambrose E.
Burnside, he refused to listen and at 4.00 o'clock, about
one hour before sunset, the attack went in.
Initially the attack went surprisingly well, due to a
mistake on the Union side. Wagner had two of his brigades in
a forward position across the turnpike, about half a mile in
front of the main defences. As Hood's army started forward
Wagner neglected to send a message ordering the two brigades
to retreat and the colonels in charge delayed to fire
volleys into the approaching enemy.
They left their retreat too late and were swamped and routed
by the oncoming charge. As they ran back, Cheatham's and
Brown's divisions followed in close pursuit and were thus
shielded from hostile fire. They broke into the
entrenchments and tried to turn the guns there on the
defenders but the horses had bolted with the primers.
Suddenly, tired from having run half a mile, they found
themselves under fire from about two dozen guns and when the
reserve, under Opdycke, charged in, they were forced to fall
back and try to find cover outside the works.
This was the high point of the attack. French, Walthall and
Loring, attacking the Union left, were caught in heavy fire
from across the river from Fort Granger and from masked
batteries, and in small arms fire from entrenched troops
armed with repeating rifles. At 7.00 pm, an hour after full
darkness, Hood committed the reserves but although fighting
went on until 9.00 o'clock nothing was achieved.
Schofield retreated during the night and Hood had wrecked
his army. Six generals were killed, including the highly
competent Cleburne, one captured and five badly wounded.
6,252 veterans were casualties, including 1,750 dead.
Schofield had suffered 2,326 casualties and was falling back
on re-inforcements. Hood continued the pursuit to Nashville,
to lose heavily in a battle with Thomas on 15th December,
but essentially, any hope of a successful campaign ended
here at Franklin.
PLAYER'S NOTES
Union. Initially, the Northern commander must decide whether
to sacrifice Wagner's Division and buy a little more time or
attempt to minimise losses by withdrawing them before they
are over-run. Once the Southern attack commences in earnest,
try to keep some reserve brigades ready to plug any gaps.
Steadfast defence is the key to success at Franklin.
Confederate. For the South to succeed, a carefully planned,
co-ordinated attack is essential. The concentrated fire
power of entrenched Federals can easily shatter the most
gallant of Southern brigades. Piecemeal attacks will hand a
victory to your enemy, tarnishing your reputation as an up-
and-coming Confederate commander.
SCENARIO VARIANTS
(1). Most of Hood's artillery was not in position for use
during the attack. This explains the lack of guns in the
majority of Southern brigades. To give the rebels their full
complement of artillery, edit the Franklin OB by giving all
brigades the same battery strengths and artillery types as
in the Nashville scenario (brigades #1 - #27).
(2). Wood's Division took no part in the fighting and
remained north of the Franklin River. To give them a chance
of arrival, subtract 7 from the arrival value and enter a
likelihood value of 3 for Union brigades #54, #55 and #56.

NASHVILLE
December 15 - 16, 1864
Following his disastrous defeat at Franklin, Hood still
declined to see the folly of his ways and continued on to
Nashville where Thomas was heavily entrenched with about
55,000 men. As Hood's own army was now composed of less than
40,000 it was difficult to see what he could do. The only
plan he could come up with was to dig in outside Nashville,
hope that Thomas would attack him and that he could then
repulse Thomas and follow up into Nashville.
Thomas was not the most impulsive of men, however, and he
watched unconcerned, well supplied behind his strong
defences, as the ill-supplied Confederate army shivered in
its trenches in the bleak December weather. Still, if Thomas
was in no hurry, his superiors were and he received a stream
of telegrams, urging him, with varying degrees of
politeness, to advance. A cold snap turned the ground to ice
on 8th but a thaw on 13th at last enabled him to manoeuvre.
On 15th December he struck. His plan was elegantly simple.
Steedman would demonstrate against Hood's right, where
Cheatham was in command. Everyone else would execute a large
scale left wheel and smash into Hood's left, rolling up
Stewart's Corps. As Hood had somewhat unwisely detached
Forrest's cavalry to deal with the Murfreesboro garrison it
seemed quite likely that the movement would succeed.
It did, although not perfectly. Heavy fog delayed the
initial movement and it was not until 8 o'clock that
Steedman went in. His attack met a stubborn resistance and
was repulsed but it was not expected to succeed in any case.
By noon, Thomas had some 48,000 men lined up and ready to
attack on Hood's left. Stewart's Corps, depleted by
detachments and casualties, was only about one tenth of that
number.
Several outlying redoubts, however, put up a stiff
resistance and it was not until after 4.00 pm that the left
wing collapsed. The retreat was not a rout and Hood
succeeded in forming a new line, some two miles back from
the first and his remaining soldiers spent the night digging
in. Hood still refused to run away.
The following day was initially fairly quiet while Thomas
got his army reorganised. Hood had also changed around his
corps and now Stephen Lee was holding the right, Cheatham
the left and Stewart the centre. Lee had scarcely been
engaged the previous day and his men held firm against
attacks by Wood and Steedman. But on the left, Cheatham was
in trouble for Wilson had got his cavalry around behind him,
cutting off his line of retreat.
Finally, about 4 o'clock, the artillery rain stopped,
Schofield and Smith went in and the Confederate position
fell apart. Only a rallying action by Lee prevented the army
from being completely overwhelmed. In the two days of
fighting, Hood had lost about 1,500 killed or wounded and
4,500 taken prisoner. Thomas had lost about 3,000. Hood had
finally completed the destruction of his army, begun with
the futile attacks at Atlanta five months earlier.
PLAYER'S NOTES
Union. Thomas has manoeuvred into an excellent position to
outflank Hood's lines. To complete this fine piece of
generalship you must drive for Shy's Hill and attempt to cut
the Southerners off from their line of retreat along the
Franklin Pike. Keep your men moving but don't push too hard
as some fresh troops may be needed to pry any entrenched
rebels loose from those vital southern objectives.
Confederate. As Hood, you start the game at HQ, well to the
rear. Initial HQ placement is critical to your control of
the situation. The majority of your first line is now
useless so you should aim to form a second line of defence
anchored on Shy's Hill and stretching to Overton Hill. To
win, the South must minimise troop losses and grimly defend
the Franklin Pike.
SCENARIO VARIANTS
(1). Forrest's cavalry corps was not recalled from
Murfreesboro early enough to reach Nashville in time for the
battle. A composite division under Jackson has been included
in the OB with a very low likelihood of arrival. To improve
Hood's chances of early cavalry reinforcement, change the
arrival time of Brigades 30, 31 and 32 to 4, 5 and 6
respectively and change their likelihoods to 3.
(2). The arrival of two Southern Corps commanders (Cheatham
and S. D. Lee) is delayed. This allows a better simulation
of the initially uncoordinated Southern withdrawal towards
their lines of communication when it became apparent that
their entrenched line was totally outflanked. To give the
Southern player more control, change the arrival times for
S. D. Lee and Cheatham to 0.

DECISIVE BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR
Strategic Studies Group (SSG)
CONSTRUCTION KIT MANUAL

1. INTRODUCTION
The following notes are meant as a guide to WarPlan. The
information they contain will also provide some insights into how
the game works, and should be read at some stage even if you
never construct your own scenarios.
Varying an existing scenario is fairly straight-forward and the
easiest way to get the most out of your game. All of the
scenarios in the game come with suggested variations which can be
easily implemented. However, designing an original scenario will
require a reasonable degree of familiarity with the game itself.
We publish complete scenarios for the Decisive Battles Game
System in our magazine Run 5. The magazine contains all the
information required to create entirely new games using WarPlan
and WarPaint. For details on Run 5 magazine, please contact
Strategic Studies Group (SSG).

2. USING THE DESIGN MENUS
The data card contains a schematic display of the design menus.
They operate in the same way as the Game Menus that you have
already used.
You cannot make changes to the historical scenarios themselves;
rather you must save the scenario onto a save game disk and then
edit the data. This is to prevent you from accidentally
corrupting the historical scenarios. Nor can you edit a game in
progress. Only scenarios with a game turn number of zero may be
edited.

3. PREPARING A DISK
Whether making a variation to an historical scenario or creating
an original scenario, the procedure for preparing a save game
disk is essentially the same. Examine the Start and Design menus.
If you have not formatted a Decisive Battles save game disk,
prepare one using the procedure given in Chapter 3 of the Game
Routines.
When making a change to an historical scenario, select the
line from Menu A and type (RET) to obtain Menu B.
If the template which is providing the source for the variation
is on a scenario disk, select the line and type (RET).
Select the chosen scenario from Menu C. The computer will
automatically process you through to Menu J (Create Master).
If the template which is providing the source for the variation
is on a save game disk, select the line and type (RET).
Load the chosen file from Menu D. The computer will
automatically process you through to Menu J (Create Master).
Use WarPlan and WarPaint to make whatever changes you wish to
the data and then come back to Menu J.
Select the line to go to Menu D. Select the line.
Locate the desired save location in the catalog with the arrow
keys and then type (RET). You will be offered an opportunity to
enter a comment. Use it if you wish, otherwise select the line and type (RET).
IBM users can store scenario and save games in the same catalog.
Thus, there is no Menu D in the IBM routines.
When you wish to create an original scenario, repeat the above
procedure but before entering data use the line in Menu J
to erase the data bases.

4. THE WARPLAN DESIGN MENUS
This section describes the various menus in WarPlan together
with explanations of their functions. The order in which they are
presented represents a convenient sequence for the creation of a
new scenario. Once you completed your new scenario, we suggest
you run it through in mode several times to fine tune
the game balance. To assist with this process, type Cntl (F) at
any time to enter the fast resolution mode.
(a). MAP DATA (Menu 5)
(i). Map Size/Info (Menu 6)
The map size in Decisive Battles is variable. Each map element is
9 hexes wide by 9 hexes deep. There may be up to three elements
across and three down. Thus, the maximum size of a battlefield is
27 by 27 hexes. At a suggested ground scale of 300-500 yards per
hex, this represents an area somewhere between 20 and 60 square
miles.
In creating a scenario, map size must be set before anything
else. Select the smallest map size that can comfortably support
the action you wish to represent. Apart from being less work,
smaller maps will mean faster games.
The top left sector should always be set to 0. Set the bottom
right sector variable to the appropriate value. To make a 9 x 9
grid (i.e. a 1 sector map), set the bottom right sector variable
to 0!
IBM users can choose colours for river, coast-line and map-edge
hex-sides. Road and cursor colours are also selectable.
(ii). Define Terrain (Menu 7)
There are thirty-two (32) terrain shapes in Decisive Battles.
Each shape can be completely redrawn using our powerful WarPaint
graphics editor. The names and sighting, movement, cover and
fortification effects of each terrain type are defined here. It
is possible to represent the ground conditions of any battlefield
by judicious use of names and effects. Use the (RET) key to
advance the cursor through the screen.
Examine any (or all) of the game scenarios and the blank design
form in Appendix A.
For each terrain shape you wish to use, enter a 1-11 character
name.
The sighting value represents the ease of visibility into and
through the hex. A value of 0 specifies that there is no
impediment to visibility; i.e. the hex is easy to see through. A
value of 15 specifies that the line of sight is completely
blocked. Values of 8-15 will create super dense terrain and may
result in adjacent units being unable to see each other.
The movement value of a hex specifies how many movement points
each unit must expend when traversing it. Units in column
formation will pay only 1 MP when using visible roads no matter
what terrain type is underneath. Hidden roads do not affect the
movement value of a hex. Note that terrain types with an MP value
of 0 prohibit entry for any unit.
The terrain symbol along the top of the screen corresponds to the
line currently being edited by the cursor.
The cover value of a hex measures the extent of natural
protection from enemy attack provided by the terrain type. This
does not include any man-made structures. A value of 0 specifies
that there is little or no protection afforded to units occupying
the hex. A value of 7 indicates tremendous protection. Note that
brigades defending hexes with high natural cover values may have
more difficulty in bringing fire to bear on the enemy than a
brigade in more open terrain. Assaults launched from heavily
covered hexes are less effective than assaults from open ground.
There is a balance to be struck . Brigades assaulting from open
terrain will suffer more severely than brigades assaulting from
heavily covered terrain.
The fortification value measures the extent of man-made rifle
pits, breastworks and basic field defences in a given hex type.
We have allowed the use of 31 hex types to ensure there are
enough to construct detailed field defences. A value of 7
specifies the extensive development of field defences. A value of
0 specifies none. A separate entry should be used for North and
South fortifications.
By examining the terrain data bases in each of the historical
scenarios, you can quickly see how to implement these values in
your own designs. Field defence construction became an ever more
important battlefield tactic to both sides as the war progressed.
The Confederacy, particularly, excelled in the preparation of
complex and deadly entrenchments.
In many instances, you will note several hex shapes with the same
name and effect values. The large number of hex types available
has allowed us to customise terrain features to produce a more
aesthetically pleasing battlefield.
(iii). Map Create Utility (Menu 8)
It's probably a good idea to make a draft version of your
battlefield before completing the rest of the map data. However,
we strongly advise you not to edit the map screen until all the
information in Menus 6 and 7 has been compiled and entered into
the program. IBM users should read the note at the end of this
section.
A 9 x 9 hex section of the map will appear with a white, hollow,
flashing cursor. In the top right of the screen you will find the
hex co-ordinate of the cursor's current location. In the bottom
right of the screen you will see the terrain name, the icon
corresponding to the name, the relative position of the cursor in
relation to the whole map and the icon identifying the side which
controls the hex. If the hex has been defined as an objective,
the name appears immediately above the terrain name.
There are 32 terrain types which can be entered. River, bridge
and ford hex-sides can be entered. Roads can be added to a hex .
Every hex must be identified as North or South controlled.
The I,J,K,M and 1-6 keys will move the cursor around the
battlefield. Type (0) centre the screen on the cursor.
IBM users can use the f1 - f9 function keys to select sequential
9x9 sectors of the map; i.e. f1 selects the top left sector, f9
selects the bottom right sector.
To create a terrain type in a hex, type (T)(n) where n = a number
between 0 and 31. Please see the blank terrain effects chart in
Appendix A. Note that terrain types T1-T3 require you to type (T)
(n) (SPACE). This is to distinguish them from double digit
terrain types which use 1-3 as the first number. Terrain types T0
and T1(SPACE) are water hexes. T0 cannot be entered by any units.
T1(SPACE) can be entered by all units and is therefore suitable
as a bridge, ferry, ford or pontoon link across a wide body of
water. Terrain types T2(SPACE)-T31 can be entered by all unit
types and it is these types which make up the land component of
the battlefield.
The road structure needs some explanation. There are two types of
roads; functional roads and cosmetic roads. Functional roads are
those used by the movement routines to march columns of men long
distances. Cosmetic roads are those which end in dead ends, the
map edge or anywhere which could confuse the computer. Use a
cosmetic road if you don't want the computer to treat the hex as
a road when moving troops in column or determining march routes.
Units using either type of road pay 1 MP per road hex entered. To
add a functional road to a hex, type (R) while the cursor is over
the hex. Type (R) again to remove the road. To add a cosmetic
road to a hex, type (C) while the cursor is over the hex. Type
(C) again to remove the cosmetic road.
Functional roads are one of two types; normal or hidden. Type (R)
(X) to specify a hidden road. The road icon is masked by the
terrain icon and any units using the road will pay the movement
value of the terrain in the hex.
The movement routines will nonetheless use hidden roads as though
they were normal roads when determining march routes and column
movement. This technique is suited for picking out a track
through dense terrain where placing a normal road would confer
too great an advantage on the user. Type (X) again to convert the
hidden road back to a normal road.
To create a river hex-side, you must type three keys. The first
is (S). This identifies a hex-side. The second is a number
between 1 and 3. This identifies north, north-eastern and south-
eastern hex-sides respectively. Note that the south hex-side of
one hex is the north hex-side of the hex directly below it. In
this way, all 6 hex-sides can be edited. The third is a number
between 1 and 3. (1) identifies a river. (2) identifies a bridge.
(3) identifies a ford.
Type (S0) to clear all hex-sides from a particular hex. Rivers
cannot be crossed except at fords or bridges. The presence of
small streams can be accounted for in the terrain types.
Unlike our previous design kits, cities are created by using the
terrain types; they are not a separate flag.
To set control of a hex to North or South, type (RET) to bring up
the map menu and select or as
appropriate. All hexes, except T0s, will have their terrain icon
replaced by the North or South control icon. As the cursor moves,
it will leave a trail of the appropriate control icons behind it.
To change control, type (RET) to bring up the map menu and select
. You are back at square one and can repeat the
procedure using the other control icon. When editing hex control
from scratch, the default value is South.
For convenience, you can set the cursor to automatically produce
a terrain shape. With the cursor flashing on the chosen terrain,
type (RET). This brings up the map menu on the right of the
screen. Selecting from this menu will lock the
current terrain shape to the cursor. You may now move the cursor
and the selected shape will be created wherever the cursor is
moved. Type (RET) again to go back to the menu and select to turn off the shape.
We suggest you keep the map size as small as possible for your
first original scenario.
All maps are compromises between the actuality of the terrain and
its representation. Do not feel afraid to be creative with
terrain to make the map work properly within the game system.
Important Note for IBM Users. If your IBM supports an EGA or VGA
card and you have a colour monitor, you will be able to use our
"full-map" graphics. There are a few changes you need to be aware
of when you are building a new map. There are up to 250 full map
icons which can be used to create the map. However, there are
still only 32 different terrain types. In other words, the new
graphics are purely an overlay covering the basic terrain shapes.
What you must do is first create a map using the basic graphics
(i.e. go to DOS and re-enter the program, disabling the "full-
map" graphics). For example, the Decisive Battles Vol I game is
usually started with the command db1. To start up without the
"full map" graphics, use the command db1 f.
Build up the map using the standard graphics and save as normal.
Return to DOS and restart with the "full-map" graphics enabled.
You can now go to the WarPaint routines and prepare brilliant,
16 colour terrain shapes and unit icons.
These icons are stored in a .lbm file and are DPAINT2 (c
Electronic Arts) compatible. Note that when you place these full-
map hexes on the map, the original terrain type and name will
remain in the lower right of the screen.
Finally. Issue 14 of our Run 5 magazine contains an extensive
article on the use of "full map" graphics.

(b). UNIT DATA (Menu 9)
(i). Limits (Menu 10)
The limits menu is used to divide the available unit blanks
between the North and South. Select and by typing the
(RET) key repeatedly you will see there are three values to be
entered.
There are a maximum of 15 Corps which may be created. When you
type a number into the line you are allocating the
available Corps between the North and South. The South is
allocated a number of Corps equal to 1 less than the number
entered. For example, if you type (8) the South will be allowed a
maximum of 7 Corps. This number appears in the column of
the Southern Corps line.
The procedure for allocating divisions and brigades is identical.
For example, a value of 19 in the division line would mean that
the Rebs could use a maximum of 18 divisions, the Union 21.
We have chosen this way of unit allocation so that we can produce
the largest possible force pool in the smallest amount of memory.
Note that the value range displayed to the left of the North
forces shows the current, legitimate range for each entry.
(ii). Weapons (Menu 13)
Examine the blank weapons roster in Appendix A. If the scenario
you are preparing is set in the American Civil War, then the
weapons roster used in all of the historical scenarios should be
more than adequate. Otherwise, you will have to make your own.
There are 31 possible weapon types you may use. These must be
divided between artillery types and small arms types. You will
have already used Menu 10 (Define Limits) to select the number of
each type you require.
Artillery
To create an artillery type, complete the following steps.
I.D. Enter a 1-11 character name to identify the artillery type.
RANGE. Enter a value between 0 and 5. This is the effective
range, measured in hexes, of the artillery type. For example, in
a scenario where the ground scale is 500 yards/hex, a 6pd
smoothbore would have an effective range of 2 hexes.
RATE OF FIRE. Enter a value between 0 and 7. This value measures
the reliability, ease of use and rate of fire of a gun.
EFFECTIVENESS. Enter a value between 0 and 7. This value measures
the performance of the gun at close range; i.e. the effectiveness
of its fire into an adjacent hex.
PENETRATION. Enter a value between 0 and 7. This value measures
the fall-off in performance as the range of the gun increases. A
value of 0 means that the gun has little effect beyond the first
hex. A value of 7 means that the gun retains much of its
effectiveness at its maximum range.
Small Arms
To create a small arms type, complete the following steps.
I.D. Enter a 1-11 character name to identify the small arms type.
RANGE. Enter a value of 0 or 1. A value of 0 indicates that the
small arms type is primarily for melee use. A value of 1
indicates that the small arms type is primarily a projectile
weapon. Troops armed with both melee and projectile weapons
should be assigned a value corresponding to their primary type.
FIRE EFFECT. Enter a value between 0 and 7. This value is a
quantitative measure of the firepower delivered by the small
arms type.
MELEE EFFECT. Enter a value between 0 and 7. This value is a
quantitative measure of the melee performance of the small arms
type.
For example, Civil War cavalrymen used firearms for skirmishing
but switched to sabres on the occasion of a charge. The fire
effect of the pistol should be 1 or 2 while the melee effect of a
sabre in the hands of a mounted cavalryman should be 5 or 6.
However, Civil War cavalrymen were not primarily employed in a
charging role so the range should be set at 1.
(iii). Forces (Menus 11)
Examine the blank force rosters in Appendix A. One of these
should be prepared for each formation in the game. Do not attempt
to edit the screen until these rosters have been completed.
The most important thing to note about troop creation in the
Decisive Battles System is that there is no fixed organisational
structure. For example, brigades may be attached to divisions, or
corps, or even directly to the Army HQ. Such a flexible structure
is the best way to reflect the operational employment of troops
in the nineteenth century.
Army HQs
COMMANDER. Enter a 1-11 character name to identify the commander
of the Army.
SECOND IC. Enter a 1-11 character name to identify the second in
command of the Army. This variable should only be used where a
second in command was officially appointed such as Beauregard at
Shiloh. A 2IC will reduce the adverse effects of a C-in-C
casualty.
HQ I.D. Enter one or two 1-11 character names to identify the
Army.
LOCATION. Enter the x, y map co-ordinates of the Army HQ's start
or arrival hex.
ARRIVAL. Enter a number between 0 and 95. This is the turn that
the Army HQ will arrive on the map. An arrival number of 0 means
the HQ begins the game deployed on the map. A human player will
have no control over his subordinates until the Army HQ appears
on the map.
OFFENCE #1. Enter a value between 0 and 23. A value of 0
specifies that there is no offensive objective; any other value
identifies the chosen objective. Only enemy controlled objectives
should be chosen.
OFFENCE #2. Enter a value between 0 and 23. As above. A computer
Army commander will attempt to capture the first objective before
moving on to the second objective.
DEFENCE #1. Enter a value between 0 and 23. A value of 0
specifies that there is no defensive objective; any other value
identifies the chosen objective. Friendly controlled objectives
must be chosen.
DEFENCE #2. Enter a value between 0 and 23. As above. A computer
Army commander will defend both objectives, giving preference, if
necessary, to the first defensive objective.
HQ MOVEMENT. Enter a value between 0 and 15. It is the number of
movement points the Army HQ has available each turn to move over
the map. The value should reflect the vigour shown by the Army's
commander throughout the battle. The value should also be related
to the movement allowances of other troops and to the terrain
effects. In general, an Army HQ should have a higher movement
allowance than a Corps HQ.
STAFF. Enter a value between 0 and 7. This value is a subjective
evaluation of the amount of preparation the Army HQ has done for
the battle. Factors which are included in this rating are
battlefield familiarity (recon), extent and detail of the
briefings given to subordinates, staff experience and the overall
confidence of the army in its commander.
STRENGTH. Enter a value between 0 and 7. This value simply
describes the size of the provost guard accompanying the Army HQ.
The units are 100s of men. It is not suitable for offensive use.
LEADERSHIP. Enter a value between 0 and 7. This value is only
used when the computer is placed in command of an Army. Human
commanders must rely upon their own judgement and intuition when
issuing orders to subordinates. You can expect a much tougher
battle from a commander with a high leadership value than from a
lowly rated duffer.
Corps HQs
ARMY HQ I.D. Enter 1-9 character name to identify the Corps or
its commander.
LOCATION. Enter the x, y map co-ordinates of the Corps HQ's start
or arrival hex.
CORPS TYPE. Enter a value of 0 or 1. A value of 0 specifies an
infantry corps; a value of 1 specifies a cavalry corps.
ARRIVAL. Enter a number between 0 and 95. This is the turn that
the Corps HQ will arrive on the map. An arrival number of 0 means
the HQ begins the game deployed on the map. You will not be able
to issue commands to the subordinates of a particular corps until
that corps' HQ has entered the map. Brigades belonging to a Corps
not yet on the map may be directed by the Army commander provided
they are within the four hex immediate command range.
ORDERS. Enter a number between 0 and 2. 0 = offensive, 1 =
defensive, 2 = reserve. A Corps formation must have an offensive
order to move on an enemy controlled objective or to issue such
an objective to a division HQ under its control. A Corps with an
offensive order may select two objectives, the first defines the
route of march to the final destination.
A Corps with a defensive order may move, or issue such an order
to a subordinate division HQ, only to a friendly controlled
objective. Only one objective can be given to a corps with a
defensive order. A Corps with a reserve order will hold in place,
awaiting further orders. A Corps with a reserve order will not
pay any attention to an objective. Note that the Army commander
can change these orders as soon as the Corps HQ comes within
communication range. The primary function of these orders is to
make sure that newly arriving troops do not mill about aimlessly
but move sensibly into battle.
OBJECTIVE #1. Enter a value between 0 and 23. A value of 0
specifies no objective; any other value identifies a particular
objective. The previous paragraph describes their purpose.
OBJECTIVE #2. Enter a value between 0 and 23. As above.
HQ MOVEMENT. Enter a value between 0 and 15. It is the number of
movement points the Corps HQ has available each turn to move over
the map. The value should reflect the vigour shown by the Corps'
commander throughout the battle. The value should also be related
to the movement allowances of other troops and to the terrain
effects. In general, Corps HQs should have more MPs than
subordinate brigades of the same type.
DAILY COMMITMENT. This value is used only by computer army
commanders. For any particular day of a battle, a corps commander
can be specified as being completely out of communication. The
army commander will not be able to issue orders to the corps
commander. An example of where this feature is used is the
Chattanooga scenario. Thomas, one of Grant's corps commanders, is
a very capable officer. However, on the first day of the battle,
Grant wanted Thomas to remain on the defensive while Sherman's
and Hooker's troops moved into position. For a human commander,
implementing this plan is no problem. For the computer, it's not
so easy. The Union is on the offensive on the first day and thus
the first time a computer controlled Grant gets in contact with
Thomas, he will be given an offensive command. By using this
value to put Thomas out of communication with Grant on the first
day of the battle, the computer can properly implement Grant's
historical plan. Enter 0 if this feature is not to be used by the
corps. Enter 1 if the corps is to be isolated on the first day
only, enter 2 if the corps is to be isolated on the second day
only, enter 3 if the corps is to be isolated on the first and
second days only, enter 4 if the corps is to be isolated on the
third day only, enter 5 if the corps is to be isolated on the
first and third days only... etc; i.e day 1 =1, day 2 = 2, day 3
= 4 and day 4 = 8. If the corps is to be isolated for more than
one day, add the value for those days together.
LEADERSHIP. Enter a value between 0 and 7. This value measures
the experience, confidence and determination of the Corps
commander. It is especially important when the Corps HQ is not in
communication with its Army HQ and must rely on its own
initiative to get things moving.
STAFF. Enter a value between 0 and 7. This value is a subjective
evaluation of the amount of preparation the Corps HQ and its
commander have done for the battle. Factors which are included in
this rating are battlefield familiarity (recon), extent and
detail of the briefings given to subordinates, staff experience
and the overall confidence of the corps in its commander. These
are the same criteria used to rate the Army staff values.
STRENGTH. Enter a value between 0 and 7. This value simply
describes the size of the provost guard accompanying the Corps
HQ. The units are 100s of men. It is not suitable for offensive
use.
LIKELIHOOD. Enter a value between 0 and 7. This value measures
the likelihood of a Corps HQ appearing on its start or arrival
hex at the scheduled time. A value of 7 means that the Corps HQ
is certain to arrive. HQs or brigades on the same side with the
same likelihood value will be delayed by the same number of
turns. Units with values of 4 or less may not arrive at all.

Division HQs
DIVISION HQ I.D. Enter 1-9 character name to identify the
Division or its commander.
CORPS. Enter a number between 0 and 15. This number defines the
place the division will occupy in the order of battle. An entry
of 0 places the division directly under the command of the Army
HQ. An entry of 1-15 places the division under the command of the
Corps HQ identified by that number.
DIVISION TYPE. Enter a value of 0 or 1. A value of 0 specifies
an infantry division; a value of 1 specifies a cavalry division.
Mounted infantry divisions should be classified as infantry
divisions for this purpose. You should not place artillery
brigades in divisions but rather attach them to Corps or Army
HQs. Division artillery should be distributed among the component
brigades.
ORDERS. Enter a number between 0 and 2. 0 = offensive, 1 =
defensive, 2 = reserve. A division must have an offensive order
to move on an enemy controlled objective. A division with an
offensive order may select two objectives, the first defines the
route of march to the final destination. A division with a
defensive order may move only to a friendly controlled objective.
Only one objective can be given to a division with a defensive
order. A division with a reserve order will hold in place,
awaiting further orders. A division with a reserve order will not
pay any attention to an objective. Note that the Army commander,
or the Corps commander, can change these orders as soon as the
division comes within communication range. The primary function
of these orders is to make sure that newly arriving troops do not
mill about aimlessly but move sensibly into battle.
OBJECTIVE #1. Enter a value between 0 and 23. A value of 0
specifies no objective; any other value identifies a particular
objective. The previous paragraph describes their purpose.
OBJECTIVE #2. Enter a value between 0 and 23. As above.
LEADERSHIP. Enter a value between 0 and 7. This value measures
the experience, confidence and determination of the division
commander. It is especially important when the Division HQ is not
in communication with its superior HQ and must rely on its own
initiative to get things moving.
STAFF. Enter a value between 0 and 7. This value is a subjective
evaluation of the amount of preparation the Division HQ and its
commander have done for the battle. Factors which are included in
this rating are battlefield familiarity (recon), extent and
detail of the briefings given to subordinates, staff experience
and the overall confidence of the division in its commander.
These are the same criteria used to rate the Army and Corps staff
values.
Brigades
BRIGADE I.D. Enter a 1-3 character name to identify the brigade
or its commander. IBM users can enter a 1-9 character name.
UNIT SIZE (IBM Only). Enter a 1-3 character name to identify the
size of the unit; e. g. Bde, Rgt, Bn or Bty. This is cosmetic
only and appears on the unit roster in the IBM version.
LOCATION. Enter the x, y map co-ordinates of the brigade's start
or arrival hex.
CORPS. Enter a number between 0 and 15. This number helps define
the place the brigade will occupy in the order of battle. An
entry of 1-15 places the brigade directly under the command of
the Corps HQ identified by that number. An entry of 0 means that
the brigade is not under the command of any of the corps in the
game.
DIVISION. Enter a number between 0 and 39. This number helps
define the place the brigade will occupy in the order of battle.
An entry of 1-39 places the brigade directly under the command of
the Division HQ identified by that number. An entry of 0 means
that the brigade is not under the command of any of the divisions
in the game. Note that if both Corps and Division values are 0,
then the brigade will be under the direct command of the Army HQ.
ARRIVAL. Enter a number between 0 and 95. This is the turn that
the brigade will arrive on the map. An arrival number of 0 means
the brigade begins the game deployed on the map.
BRIGADE TYPE. Enter a value of 0-3. A value of 0 specifies an
infantry brigade, a value of 1 specifies a mounted infantry
brigade, a value of 2 specifies a cavalry brigade and a value of
3 specifies an artillery brigade.
OBJECTIVE. Enter a value between 0 and 23. A value of 0 specifies
no objective; any other value identifies a particular objective.
In general, the only brigades which need objectives are
independent brigades attached to Corps or Army HQs or brigades
scheduled as reinforcements. If a reinforcing brigade does not
have an objective, it will mill about for one turn before
receiving instructions from its superior HQ.
SMALL ARMS TYPE. Enter a value between 0 and 31. A value of 0
specifies that the brigade is not equipped with small arms. A
value of 1-31 specifies which small arms type from the weapons
list has been issued to the brigade.
ARTILLERY TYPE. Enter a value between 0 and 31. A value of 0
specifies that the brigade is not equipped with artillery. A
value of 1-31 specifies which artillery type from the weapons
list has been issued to the brigade.
TROOP STRENGTH. Enter a value between 0 and 31. This value
describes the size of the brigade in increments of 100 men.
MOVEMENT. Enter a value between 0 and 15. It is the number of
movement points the brigade has available each turn to move over
the map. We recommend that Infantry and artillery brigades be
given 4-8 MPs, mounted infantry and cavalry brigades 6-12 MPs.
Brigades which were capable of particular initiative or
enthusiasm can be given a 1-3 MP bonus. The final value chosen
should also take into account the movement point costs of the
terrain on the battlefield.
ARTILLERY STRENGTH. Enter a value between 0 and 15. This value
specifies the number of artillery pieces in the brigade. For all
Civil War battles, we recommend that 1 point of this value be
equal to 2 pieces of artillery. Thus, a typical 6 gun battery
attached to a brigade would have an artillery strength of 3.
SHATTERED. Enter a number between 0 and 1. A value of 0 indicates
that the brigade begins the game in a normal condition. A value
of 1 indicates that the brigade begins the game suffering from a
recent mauling. The effect is the same as for a brigade shattered
in the course of the game.
LEADERSHIP. Enter a value between 0 and 7. This value measures
the experience, confidence and determination of the brigade
commander. It is especially important when the brigade is not in
communication with its superior HQ and must rely on its own
initiative to get things moving.
COHESION. Enter a value between 0 and 7. This value should be set
at 7 unless the scenario begins in the middle of a battle.
Cohesion measures the current fighting condition of the brigade
as described in the game routines section.
EXPERIENCE. Enter a number between 0 and 7. 0 = green and
unreliable (but not necessarily useless), 7 = elite troops of the
highest quality (for example the Iron Brigade or the Stonewall
Brigade). The average brigade should have an experience between 3
and 5, although this value should increase toward the end of the
war; especially for Confederate brigades.
REGIMENTS. Enter a number between 0 and 7. This number specifies
the number of regiments (or major sub-units) which make up the
brigade. It is a very good indicator of the brigade's
flexibility.
LIKELIHOOD. Enter a value between 0 and 7. This value measures
the likelihood of a brigade appearing on its start or arrival hex
at the scheduled time. A value of 7 means that the brigade is
certain to arrive. HQs or brigades on the same side with the same
likelihood value will be delayed by the same number of turns.
(iv). Objectives (Menu 12)
Examine the blank objective chart in Appendix A.
A maximum of 23 objectives per scenario can be created. The
and lines in the menu window are used to bring
up the next objective. The line is used to enter the
objective and set its parameters. The line is an
alternative method of positioning the objective on the map.
Each objective must be given a 1-11 character name and an x, y
map location.
Victory points for each side can be awarded for the possession of
an objective on a turn by turn basis throughout the game and/or
at the end of the game.
When awarding points throughout the game, you must select the
turn that point scoring will begin and the turn on which it will
end.
If you wish to create an objective simply as a signpost for the
direction of your troops, then don't assign any VPs for its
possession.
A manoeuvre value of 0-15 is available to make a particular
objective more attractive to the computer's movement routines.
The higher the value, the more likely is the computer to route
troops through that point. The best way to get the feel for this
tool is to have a careful look at the historical scenarios. Then,
if the troops in your scenario are reluctant to go the way you
want them to, experiment with the manoeuvre value.
(c). TITLE (Menu 15)
Enter a 1-16 character name for the scenario. There are up to
three 26 character lines you can use for a sub-title to the
scenario.
Enter a 1-9 character name to identify the North nationality.
Enter a 1-9 character name to identify the South nationality.
These character names will be the ones appearing in the first
game menu; i.e. Menu H (Game Master).
(d). BRIEFING (Menu 14)
(i). Rosters (Menu 15)
There are two items to enter here. The advice window allows you
to enter several paragraphs of handy hints for each side. These
can be accessed during the game from Menu 12.
The roster menu should only be edited once you have entered all
the data for your forces. The display shows your forces organised
in a standard military way. All you have to do is tidy up the
appearance by inserting line spaces to make the roster look
professional. Look at one of the scenarios to see what can be
done. To do it, use the arrow keys to select the line and
then the arrow keys again to move the bar cursor to the line
below where you wish to insert a space. Hit (RET) to insert the
space. Blank lines are identified by the word . To remove
a blank line, position the bar cursor over the blank line and hit
(RET).
(ii). Scenario Setup (Menu 16)
Enter the turn, day, month, year and century that the scenario
begins.
A maximum movement distance (in hexes) must be specified for each
type of unit. A separate specification is made for each
nationality. Enter a value between 0 and 15. We recommend, for
Civil War battles, these values; infantry brigades (4-6), mounted
infantry brigades (6-9), artillery brigades (4-9), cavalry
brigades (6-12) and HQs (9-15).
To recreate the conditions of a surprise attack, enter a value of
1 in the line for a side which is caught unprepared by
the enemy assault. If there is no surprise, enter a value of 0.
To allow a side to construct battlefield entrenchments in the
course of the scenario, enter a value of 1-7 in the
line. A value of 0 means a side cannot construct battlefield
entrenchments. Entrenchments increase the cover value of a hex.
The higher the entrenchment value, the more protection a unit
will receive.
In addition to the victory points awarded for the occupation of
objectives, points are also awarded for causing casualties to
enemy leaders and troops. A value of 0-31 can be entered for each
category.
IBM Only. A combat value of 0-7 has been added to reflect the
change in unit density in combat as the war progressed; i.e. the
lethality of the rifled musket forced troops to abandon the
exposed formations characteristic of the Napoleonic Wars. A value
of 0 describes very exposed formations; a value of 7 describes
formations deployed to minimise enemy firepower.
(iii). Scenario Details (Menu 16)
Examine the blank briefing form in Appendix A as well as any of
the scenarios.
A scenario may last as long as 4 days. These routines fill out
much of the background information necessary to get the game
moving.
For each day the expected atmospheric weather must be defined,
whether each side is expected to take the offensive must be
decided and three values must be entered for each of the 24 hours
in a day.
WEATHER. Enter a value between 0 and 4. 0 = clear, 1 = overcast,
2 = drizzle, 3 = rain, 4 = snow.
NORTH OFFENSIVE. Enter a value of 0 or 1. A value of 0 puts the
North on the defensive for the day. A value of 1 puts the North
on the offensive for the day.
SOUTH OFFENSIVE. Enter a value of 0 or 1. A value of 0 puts the
South on the defensive for the day. A value of 1 puts the South
on the offensive for the day.
MODE. Enter a value between 0 and 3. 0 = night, 1 = dawn, 2 =
dusk, 3 = day.
MOVE. Enter a value between 0 and 3. 0 = no move, normal cohesion
recovery will occur; 1 = normal move, both sides will move and
fight; 2 = end game, a normal move is completed and then the game
ends; 3 = skip, no move and no cohesion recovery is allowed.
FOG. Enter a value between 0 and 2. 0 = no fog, 1 = light fog, 2
= heavy fog.

5. WARPAINT
WarPaint is entirely new to wargame construction. Even we are
amazed at just how useful it is. Every icon in the game can be
edited, including all unit and terrain icons.
5.1 WARPAINT (Menu 17)
The line gives access to the icon editor. The
and lines are used to install or extract a graphics set
from any save game or scenario disk.
To transfer the graphics from one scenario to another, you would
execute the following steps. Load the source scenario, and use
the line to load the graphics. Remove that disk and
insert the destination disk. Load the destination scenario and
use . The graphics that were in the source scenario are
now in the destination scenario. Save the altered scenario and
the change is permanent.
The line gives IBM users access to the "full-map"
graphic routines.
5.2 DESIGN GRAPHICS (Menu 18)
The screen shows a large boxed section on the left. This shows a
pixel by pixel representation of an icon. Below it the icon is
shown in white and the allowable colours as it would look upon
the screen. The icon number is shown above the menu box. The
current selected colour is shown below the menu box. Selecting
the line shows a flashing cursor in the top left of the
icon box. The box is fourteen elements across by 16 elements
down. The presence of a pixel is shown by a white square and its
absence by a white dash.
The I, J, K, and M keys or the arrow keys are used to move the
cursor around the icon box. At any location the (RET) key creates
a pixel if none is present and removes it if one is. As you make
changes in the large icon box these are reflected in the small
icons at the bottom of the screen.
The rules for manipulating the screen icons are a trifle
complicated and may vary from computer to computer. They are
explained in detail below.
After using the edit function type (ESC) to leave. Apple II/C64
users will be asked to or their changes and must
make this choice before returning to Menu 21. Choosing
incorporates any changes you have made while returns the
icon to its previous shape. IBM users have access to the
function described below.
The option allows you to change the selected colour of
the icon. The and options allow you transfer an
icon between different icon numbers, allowing easy variations.
The option blanks the screen, and for IBM users, at the
same time transfers the previous image to the clip location. The
option restores the screen with the image currently in the
clip location.
5.3 "FULL-MAP" GRAPHICS (Menus 19-21)
These notes offer some suggestions for the use of the "full-map"
graphics available to IBM users with EGA or VGA cards and a
colour monitor. Read the note at the end of text in Menu 8 (Map
Create Utility). It explains how to disable the "full map"
graphics so the basic map can e created.
Users with EGA or VGA cards can access our enhanced graphics
routines for the 250 icons which make up the different terrain
shapes and the 60 odd icons which represent units and other
functions.
The cumbersome and lines from the standard
graphic routines have been replaced by a 'Clip' feature. Whenever
you edit a shape, the original shape is transferred to the 'clip'
window. To restore the original shape, select from the
menu window.
The enhanced graphics routines have a number of additional
features. Select to bring up the enhanced graphic menu.
will take you into the icon image. Use the arrow keys to
locate the pixel you wish to edit. Use the Tab/Shift Tab keys to
select a colour from the palette at the bottom of the screen.
Type to set the drag key. This will trail the chosen colour
after the cursor. Type again to turn off the drag feature.
will show you what your terrain shape will look like
on a full screen.
allows you to change a particular colour to another.
Select and then use the arrow keys to locate on the
terrain shape the colour you wish to change. Now hit (ENTER) and
use the arrow/tab keys to locate from the palette the colour you
wish to substitute.
shunts the terrain shape in the direction specified by
the chosen arrow key. Use this feature to vary a particular
terrain shape.
will flip the shape horizontally.
will flip the shape vertically.
will bring in the corresponding terrain shape from the
standard graphic routines.
The f1-f8 and Alt f1-f8 keys will select a particular colour. The
f9 key will select the colour under the cursor. Tab/Shift Tab and
+/- will select the next colour in either direction.
A little familiarity with these routines will teach you all you
need to know.

TECHNICAL NOTES
(a). IBM Users. IBM users have neither pixel nor colour-mixing
problems! The CGA card has fewer colour choices than the EGA
card. Note that Tandy users have the same number of colour
choices as an EGA user.
(b). Icon Functions. All icons have a particular function. In the
case of the terrain icons (numbers 0 to 31), the functions and
the name are defined in the terrain menu. All other icons serve a
particular purpose which does not change. If you edit the
Confederate Army HQ icon to look like a woods symbol, it will
still function as an Army HQ.